Mollusk

Mollusk é um framework leve para testar programas Solana. Ele fornece uma interface simples para testar instruções de programas Solana em um ambiente minimizado da Máquina Virtual Solana (SVM). Todas as contas de teste devem ser explicitamente definidas, garantindo testes determinísticos e reproduzíveis.

Instalação

Adicione mollusk-svm como dependência no Cargo.toml:

Terminal

$ cargo add mollusk-svm --dev

Cargo.toml

[dev-dependencies]
mollusk-svm = "0.5"

Para benchmarking do uso de unidades de computação, adicione mollusk-svm-bencher como dependência no Cargo.toml:

Terminal

$ cargo add mollusk-svm-bencher --dev

Cargo.toml

[dev-dependencies]
mollusk-svm-bencher = "0.5"

Para usar o Token Program, Token2022 Program (Token Extensions) e Associated Token Program para testes com Mollusk, adicione mollusk-svm-programs-token como dependência no Cargo.toml:

Terminal

$ cargo add mollusk-svm-programs-token --dev

Cargo.toml

[dev-dependencies]
mollusk-svm-programs-token = "0.5"

Mollusk SVM

O exemplo a seguir mostra uma configuração mínima para testar um programa Solana básico usando Mollusk.

Programa Hello World

Este exemplo demonstra como testar um programa Solana básico usando Mollusk. O programa simplesmente imprime "Hello, world!" nos logs do programa quando invocado.

Executar cargo build-sbf gera o programa compilado em /target/deploy/<program_name>.so.

src/lib.rs

use solana_program::{
    account_info::AccountInfo, entrypoint, entrypoint::ProgramResult, msg, pubkey::Pubkey,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

pub fn process_instruction(
    _program_id: &Pubkey,
    _accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    msg!("Hello, world!");
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk};
    use solana_sdk::{instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey};

    #[test]
    fn test_hello_world() {
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/hello_world");

        let instruction = Instruction::new_with_bytes(program_id, &[], vec![]);

        mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &[], &[Check::success()]);
    }
}

Para testar um programa Solana com Mollusk:

Crie uma instância Mollusk - Inicialize o Mollusk com um ID de programa e o caminho para o programa compilado (arquivo .so)
Construa uma instrução - Crie uma instrução para invocar o programa
Processe e valide - Processe a instrução usando Mollusk e valide o resultado

src/lib.rs

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk};
    use solana_sdk::{instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey};

    #[test]
    fn test_hello_world() {
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/hello_world");

        let instruction = Instruction::new_with_bytes(program_id, &[], vec![]);

        mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &[], &[Check::success()]);
    }
}

Para executar o teste, execute cargo test.

Quando o teste for executado com sucesso, você verá uma saída semelhante à seguinte:

Terminal

running 1 test
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.427685000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs invoke [1]
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429669000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program log: Hello, world!
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429690000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs consumed 211 of 1400000 compute units
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429726000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs success
test tests::test_hello_world ... ok

test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.02s

   Doc-tests hello_world

Programa Hello World

Este exemplo demonstra como testar um programa Solana básico usando Mollusk. O programa simplesmente imprime "Hello, world!" nos logs do programa quando invocado.

Executar cargo build-sbf gera o programa compilado em /target/deploy/<program_name>.so.

Para testar um programa Solana com Mollusk:

Crie uma instância Mollusk - Inicialize o Mollusk com um ID de programa e o caminho para o programa compilado (arquivo .so)
Construa uma instrução - Crie uma instrução para invocar o programa
Processe e valide - Processe a instrução usando Mollusk e valide o resultado

src/lib.rs

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk};
    use solana_sdk::{instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey};

    #[test]
    fn test_hello_world() {
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/hello_world");

        let instruction = Instruction::new_with_bytes(program_id, &[], vec![]);

        mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &[], &[Check::success()]);
    }
}

Para executar o teste, execute cargo test.

Quando o teste for executado com sucesso, você verá uma saída semelhante à seguinte:

Terminal

running 1 test
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.427685000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs invoke [1]
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429669000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program log: Hello, world!
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429690000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs consumed 211 of 1400000 compute units
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429726000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs success
test tests::test_hello_world ... ok

test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.02s

   Doc-tests hello_world

lib.rs

hello_world.so

Cargo.toml

use solana_program::{
    account_info::AccountInfo, entrypoint, entrypoint::ProgramResult, msg, pubkey::Pubkey,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

pub fn process_instruction(
    _program_id: &Pubkey,
    _accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    msg!("Hello, world!");
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk};
    use solana_sdk::{instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey};

    #[test]
    fn test_hello_world() {
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/hello_world");

        let instruction = Instruction::new_with_bytes(program_id, &[], vec![]);

        mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &[], &[Check::success()]);
    }
}

A estrutura Mollusk fornece uma interface simples para testar programas Solana. Todos os campos podem ser manipulados através de alguns métodos auxiliares, mas os usuários também podem acessar e modificá-los diretamente se desejarem mais controle.

Para inicializar o Mollusk com uma instância padrão, use o método Mollusk::default.

Example

// Default instance with no custom programs
let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

Para inicializar o Mollusk com um programa específico, use o método Mollusk::new.

Example

// Initialize Mollusk with a specific program from a file path
let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/my_program");

Para adicionar um programa ao Mollusk, use o método Mollusk::add_program.

Example

let mollusk = Mollusk::default();
let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();

// Add a program to Mollusk
mollusk.add_program(
    &program_id,
    "target/deploy/my_program",
    &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
);

Ao fornecer o caminho do arquivo, não inclua a extensão .so. Por exemplo, "path/to/my_program" está correto, mas "path/to/my_program.so" não está.

Processando instruções

O Mollusk fornece quatro métodos principais para processar instruções:

Método	Descrição
`process_instruction`	Processa uma instrução e retorna o resultado.
`process_and_validate_instruction`	Processa uma instrução e realiza uma série de verificações no resultado, gerando pânico se alguma verificação falhar.
`process_instruction_chain`	Processa múltiplas instruções e retorna o resultado.
`process_and_validate_instruction_chain`	Processa múltiplas instruções e realiza uma série de verificações em cada resultado, gerando pânico se alguma verificação falhar.

O InstructionResult contém os detalhes de uma instrução processada.

Instrução única

Use o método process_instruction para processar uma única instrução sem verificações no resultado. Você pode validar manualmente os resultados após o processamento.

Method Signature

pub fn process_instruction(
    &self,
    instruction: &Instruction,
    accounts: &[(Pubkey, Account)],
) -> InstructionResult

O exemplo a seguir processa uma instrução de transferência de SOL sem verificações de validação.

Os exemplos abaixo executam o Mollusk na função main para fins de demonstração. Na prática, você normalmente usará o Mollusk em um módulo de teste anotado com o atributo #[test].

Single Instruction

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey, system_instruction, system_program},
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Set up accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;
    let transfer_amount = 250_000;

    // Create transfer instruction
    let instruction = system_instruction::transfer(&sender, &recipient, transfer_amount);

    // Define initial account states
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            recipient,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Process the instruction
    let result = mollusk.process_instruction(&instruction, &accounts);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Check the result
    assert!(result.program_result.is_ok());
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&sender).unwrap().lamports, 750_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&recipient).unwrap().lamports, 250_000);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Single Instruction

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey, system_instruction, system_program},
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Set up accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;
    let transfer_amount = 250_000;

    // Create transfer instruction
    let instruction = system_instruction::transfer(&sender, &recipient, transfer_amount);

    // Define initial account states
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            recipient,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Process the instruction
    let result = mollusk.process_instruction(&instruction, &accounts);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Check the result
    assert!(result.program_result.is_ok());
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&sender).unwrap().lamports, 750_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&recipient).unwrap().lamports, 250_000);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Instrução única com verificações

Use o método process_and_validate_instruction para processar uma única instrução com verificações de validação. Este método entrará em pânico se qualquer verificação falhar.

Method Signature

pub fn process_and_validate_instruction(
    &self,
    instruction: &Instruction,
    accounts: &[(Pubkey, Account)],
    checks: &[Check],
) -> InstructionResult

O exemplo a seguir processa uma instrução de transferência de SOL com verificações de validação.

With Validation

use {
    mollusk_svm::{Mollusk, result::Check},
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey, system_instruction, system_program},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;
    let transfer_amount = 250_000;

    let instruction = system_instruction::transfer(&sender, &recipient, transfer_amount);

    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            recipient,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Define validation checks
    let checks = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&sender)
            .lamports(750_000)
            .build(),
        Check::account(&recipient)
            .lamports(250_000)
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process and validate (will panic if any check fails)
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &accounts, &checks);
    println!("{:#?}", result);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

With Validation

use {
    mollusk_svm::{Mollusk, result::Check},
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey, system_instruction, system_program},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;
    let transfer_amount = 250_000;

    let instruction = system_instruction::transfer(&sender, &recipient, transfer_amount);

    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            recipient,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Define validation checks
    let checks = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&sender)
            .lamports(750_000)
            .build(),
        Check::account(&recipient)
            .lamports(250_000)
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process and validate (will panic if any check fails)
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &accounts, &checks);
    println!("{:#?}", result);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Múltiplas instruções

Use o método process_instruction_chain para processar múltiplas instruções sequencialmente sem verificações de validação.

Method Signature

pub fn process_instruction_chain(
    &self,
    instructions: &[Instruction],
    accounts: &[(Pubkey, Account)],
) -> InstructionResult

O exemplo a seguir processa duas instruções de transferência de SOL sem verificações de validação.

Multiple Instructions

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey, system_instruction, system_program},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Set up accounts
    let alice = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let bob = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let charlie = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;

    // Create chain of transfers
    let instructions = vec![
        system_instruction::transfer(&alice, &bob, 300_000),    // Alice -> Bob
        system_instruction::transfer(&bob, &charlie, 100_000),  // Bob -> Charlie
    ];

    let accounts = vec![
        (
            alice,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            bob,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            charlie,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Process the instruction chain
    let result = mollusk.process_instruction_chain(&instructions, &accounts);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Final balances: Alice=700K, Bob=200K, Charlie=100K
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&alice).unwrap().lamports, 700_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&bob).unwrap().lamports, 200_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&charlie).unwrap().lamports, 100_000);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Multiple Instructions

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey, system_instruction, system_program},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Set up accounts
    let alice = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let bob = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let charlie = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;

    // Create chain of transfers
    let instructions = vec![
        system_instruction::transfer(&alice, &bob, 300_000),    // Alice -> Bob
        system_instruction::transfer(&bob, &charlie, 100_000),  // Bob -> Charlie
    ];

    let accounts = vec![
        (
            alice,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            bob,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            charlie,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Process the instruction chain
    let result = mollusk.process_instruction_chain(&instructions, &accounts);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Final balances: Alice=700K, Bob=200K, Charlie=100K
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&alice).unwrap().lamports, 700_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&bob).unwrap().lamports, 200_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&charlie).unwrap().lamports, 100_000);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Múltiplas instruções com verificações

Use o método process_and_validate_instruction_chain para processar múltiplas instruções com verificações de validação após cada instrução. Cada instrução tem seu próprio conjunto de verificações que devem ser aprovadas.

Method Signature

pub fn process_and_validate_instruction_chain(
    &self,
    instructions: &[(&Instruction, &[Check])],
    accounts: &[(Pubkey, Account)],
) -> InstructionResult

O exemplo a seguir processa uma cadeia de duas instruções de transferência de SOL com verificações de validação após cada instrução.

With Validation

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey, system_instruction, system_program},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create accounts
    let alice = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let bob = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let charlie = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;

    // Create transfer instructions
    let transfer1 = system_instruction::transfer(&alice, &bob, 300_000);
    let transfer2 = system_instruction::transfer(&bob, &charlie, 100_000);

    // Initial accounts
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            alice,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            bob,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            charlie,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Define checks for each instruction
    let checks_after_transfer1 = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&alice)
            .lamports(700_000) // 1M - 300K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&bob)
            .lamports(300_000) // 0 + 300K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&charlie)
            .lamports(0) // Unchanged
            .build(),
    ];

    let checks_after_transfer2 = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&alice)
            .lamports(700_000) // Unchanged from previous
            .build(),
        Check::account(&bob)
            .lamports(200_000) // 300K - 100K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&charlie)
            .lamports(100_000) // 0 + 100K
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process with validation at each step
    let instruction_and_checks = [
        (&transfer1, checks_after_transfer1.as_slice()),
        (&transfer2, checks_after_transfer2.as_slice()),
    ];

    // Execute chain (panics if any check fails)
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction_chain(&instruction_and_checks, &accounts);

    println!("{:#?}", result);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

With Validation

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey, system_instruction, system_program},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create accounts
    let alice = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let bob = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let charlie = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;

    // Create transfer instructions
    let transfer1 = system_instruction::transfer(&alice, &bob, 300_000);
    let transfer2 = system_instruction::transfer(&bob, &charlie, 100_000);

    // Initial accounts
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            alice,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            bob,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            charlie,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Define checks for each instruction
    let checks_after_transfer1 = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&alice)
            .lamports(700_000) // 1M - 300K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&bob)
            .lamports(300_000) // 0 + 300K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&charlie)
            .lamports(0) // Unchanged
            .build(),
    ];

    let checks_after_transfer2 = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&alice)
            .lamports(700_000) // Unchanged from previous
            .build(),
        Check::account(&bob)
            .lamports(200_000) // 300K - 100K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&charlie)
            .lamports(100_000) // 0 + 100K
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process with validation at each step
    let instruction_and_checks = [
        (&transfer1, checks_after_transfer1.as_slice()),
        (&transfer2, checks_after_transfer2.as_slice()),
    ];

    // Execute chain (panics if any check fails)
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction_chain(&instruction_and_checks, &accounts);

    println!("{:#?}", result);
}

Console

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Verificações de validação

O Mollusk fornece um conjunto de métodos auxiliares para verificar os resultados de uma instrução processada.

Example

use mollusk_svm::result::Check;

Use os seguintes métodos para validar os resultados da instrução:

Example

// Program execution succeeded
Check::success()

// Program returned specific error
Check::err(ProgramError::InvalidArgument)

// Instruction level error
Check::instruction_err(InstructionError::InsufficientFunds)

// Check with specific program result
Check::program_result(ProgramResult::Success)

// Compute units consumed
Check::compute_units(1000)

// Execution time
Check::time(100)

// Return data from instruction execution
Check::return_data(&[1, 2, 3, 4])

Use o seguinte para validar estados de conta:

Example

// Single account validation
Check::account(&pubkey)
    .lamports(1_000_000)           // Exact lamports
    .owner(&program_id)            // Account owner
    .data(&expected_data)          // Exact data match
    .data_slice(8, &[1, 2, 3])     // Partial data match at offset
    .executable(false)             // Executable flag
    .space(100)                    // Account data size
    .closed()                      // Account is closed (0 lamports)
    .rent_exempt()                 // Account is rent-exempt
    .build()

// Check all accounts are rent exempt
Check::all_rent_exempt()

Estado persistente da conta

O MolluskContext é um wrapper em torno do Mollusk que mantém o estado da conta em várias chamadas de instrução através do seu account_store. Os métodos para processar instruções são idênticos ao Mollusk.

Ao contrário do Mollusk, que requer passar accounts para cada método (por exemplo process_instruction), o MolluskContext gerencia contas internamente através do seu account_store. Isso elimina a necessidade do parâmetro accounts ao processar instruções.

Crie um account_store usando o método with_context:

Example

use std::collections::HashMap;
use solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey, system_program};
use mollusk_svm::Mollusk;

let mollusk = Mollusk::default();
let account_address = Pubkey::new_unique();

let mut account_store = HashMap::new();
account_store.insert(
    account_address,
    Account {
        lamports: 1_000_000,
        data: vec![],
        owner: system_program::id(),
        executable: false,
        rent_epoch: 0,
    },
);

let context = mollusk.with_context(account_store);

O exemplo a seguir processa duas instruções separadas de transferência de SOL com estado de conta persistente entre as instruções através do account_store.

Stateful Testing

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey, system_instruction, system_program},
    std::collections::HashMap,
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Create account store with initial balances
    let mut account_store = HashMap::new();
    account_store.insert(
        sender,
        Account {
            lamports: 1_000_000,
            data: vec![],
            owner: system_program::id(),
            executable: false,
            rent_epoch: 0,
        },
    );
    account_store.insert(
        recipient,
        Account {
            lamports: 0,
            data: vec![],
            owner: system_program::id(),
            executable: false,
            rent_epoch: 0,
        },
    );

    // Create a stateful context
    let context = mollusk.with_context(account_store);

    // First transfer: 200,000 lamports
    let instruction1 = system_instruction::transfer(&sender, &recipient, 200_000);
    context.process_instruction(&instruction1);

    // Second transfer: 100,000 lamports (state persists from first transfer)
    let instruction2 = system_instruction::transfer(&sender, &recipient, 100_000);
    context.process_instruction(&instruction2);

    // Check final balances
    let store = context.account_store.borrow();
    let sender_account = store.get(&sender).unwrap();
    let recipient_account = store.get(&recipient).unwrap();
    println!("Sender: {:#?}", sender_account);
    println!("Recipient: {:#?}", recipient_account);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Stateful Testing

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey, system_instruction, system_program},
    std::collections::HashMap,
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Create account store with initial balances
    let mut account_store = HashMap::new();
    account_store.insert(
        sender,
        Account {
            lamports: 1_000_000,
            data: vec![],
            owner: system_program::id(),
            executable: false,
            rent_epoch: 0,
        },
    );
    account_store.insert(
        recipient,
        Account {
            lamports: 0,
            data: vec![],
            owner: system_program::id(),
            executable: false,
            rent_epoch: 0,
        },
    );

    // Create a stateful context
    let context = mollusk.with_context(account_store);

    // First transfer: 200,000 lamports
    let instruction1 = system_instruction::transfer(&sender, &recipient, 200_000);
    context.process_instruction(&instruction1);

    // Second transfer: 100,000 lamports (state persists from first transfer)
    let instruction2 = system_instruction::transfer(&sender, &recipient, 100_000);
    context.process_instruction(&instruction2);

    // Check final balances
    let store = context.account_store.borrow();
    let sender_account = store.get(&sender).unwrap();
    let recipient_account = store.get(&recipient).unwrap();
    println!("Sender: {:#?}", sender_account);
    println!("Recipient: {:#?}", recipient_account);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Sysvars do Mollusk

O Mollusk fornece uma estrutura personalizada Sysvars para modificar seus valores para testes.

Use o método warp_to_slot para atualizar o relógio sysvar para simular o avanço ou retrocesso no tempo para um slot específico.

Warp to Slot

use mollusk_svm::Mollusk;

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Show initial slot
    println!("Initial slot: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);

    // Warp to slot 1000
    mollusk.warp_to_slot(100);
    println!("After warp: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);

    // Warp to slot 10
    mollusk.warp_to_slot(10);
    println!("After second warp: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);
}

Console

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Warp to Slot

use mollusk_svm::Mollusk;

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Show initial slot
    println!("Initial slot: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);

    // Warp to slot 1000
    mollusk.warp_to_slot(100);
    println!("After warp: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);

    // Warp to slot 10
    mollusk.warp_to_slot(10);
    println!("After second warp: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);
}

Console

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O exemplo a seguir mostra como modificar o sysvar do Mollusk diretamente acessando o campo sysvars para alterar os parâmetros de rent. Você pode modificar outros valores de sysvar da mesma maneira.

Modify Sysvars

use {mollusk_svm::Mollusk, solana_sdk::rent::Rent};

fn main() {
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Show default rent
    println!(
        "Default rent exemption for 1000 bytes: {} lamports",
        mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(1000)
    );

    // Customize rent parameters
    mollusk.sysvars.rent = Rent {
        lamports_per_byte_year: 1,
        exemption_threshold: 1.0,
        burn_percent: 0,
    };

    // Show custom rent
    println!(
        "Custom rent exemption for 1000 bytes: {} lamports",
        mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(1000)
    );
}

Console

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Modify Sysvars

use {mollusk_svm::Mollusk, solana_sdk::rent::Rent};

fn main() {
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Show default rent
    println!(
        "Default rent exemption for 1000 bytes: {} lamports",
        mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(1000)
    );

    // Customize rent parameters
    mollusk.sysvars.rent = Rent {
        lamports_per_byte_year: 1,
        exemption_threshold: 1.0,
        burn_percent: 0,
    };

    // Show custom rent
    println!(
        "Custom rent exemption for 1000 bytes: {} lamports",
        mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(1000)
    );
}

Console

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Benchmarking de unidades de computação

MolluskComputeUnitBencher rastreia o uso de unidades de computação das instruções de um programa. Os resultados são escritos em um arquivo markdown.

Requer mollusk-svm-bencher como dependência.

O exemplo a seguir faz o benchmarking do uso de unidades de computação de uma instrução de transferência de SOL.

Benchmark Compute Units

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    mollusk_svm_bencher::MolluskComputeUnitBencher,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey, system_instruction, system_program},
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create test accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let receiver = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Transfer instruction
    let transfer = system_instruction::transfer(&sender, &receiver, 100_000);
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: 1_000_000,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            receiver,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: system_program::id(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Run benchmark
    MolluskComputeUnitBencher::new(mollusk)
        .bench(("transfer", &transfer, &accounts))
        .must_pass(true)
        .out_dir("./target/benches")
        .execute();
}

Os resultados do benchmark são escritos no out_dir especificado como um arquivo markdown denominado compute_units.md.

comput_units.md

#### 2025-09-19 22:28:53.691839 UTC

Solana CLI Version: solana-cli 2.2.20 (src:dabc99a5; feat:3073396398,
client:Agave)

| Name     | CUs | Delta   |
| -------- | --- | ------- |
| transfer | 150 | - new - |

Testes do Token Program

Use o crate mollusk-svm-programs-token para adicionar o Token Program, o programa token2022 (Token Extensions) e o Associated Token Program ao Mollusk para testes.

Example

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    mollusk_svm_programs_token::{associated_token, token, token2022},
};

let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

// Add SPL Token Program
token::add_program(&mut mollusk);
// Add SPL Token-2022 Program
token2022::add_program(&mut mollusk);
// Add Associated Token Account Program
associated_token::add_program(&mut mollusk);

O exemplo a seguir demonstra o teste de uma transferência de token usando o Mollusk.

O exemplo abaixo define manualmente as contas de teste para fins de demonstração. O mollusk-svm-programs-token também inclui funções auxiliares para criar as contas de mint e token.

Token Transfer Example

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    mollusk_svm_programs_token::token,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, program_pack::Pack, pubkey::Pubkey},
    spl_token::{
        instruction::transfer_checked,
        state::{Account as TokenAccount, Mint},
    },
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk with Token program
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();
    token::add_program(&mut mollusk);

    // Create account keys
    let mint = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let source = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let destination = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let authority = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Token configuration
    let decimals = 6;
    let transfer_amount = 1_000_000; // 1 token with 6 decimals
    let initial_balance = 10_000_000; // 10 tokens

    // Calculate rent-exempt minimums
    let mint_rent = mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(Mint::LEN);
    let account_rent = mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(TokenAccount::LEN);

    // Create mint account
    let mut mint_data = vec![0u8; Mint::LEN];
    Mint::pack(
        Mint {
            mint_authority: Some(authority).into(),
            supply: initial_balance,
            decimals,
            is_initialized: true,
            freeze_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut mint_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Create source token account
    let mut source_data = vec![0u8; TokenAccount::LEN];
    TokenAccount::pack(
        TokenAccount {
            mint,
            owner: authority,
            amount: initial_balance,
            delegate: None.into(),
            state: spl_token::state::AccountState::Initialized,
            is_native: None.into(),
            delegated_amount: 0,
            close_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut source_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Create destination token account
    let mut destination_data = vec![0u8; TokenAccount::LEN];
    TokenAccount::pack(
        TokenAccount {
            mint,
            owner: Pubkey::new_unique(),
            amount: 0,
            delegate: None.into(),
            state: spl_token::state::AccountState::Initialized,
            is_native: None.into(),
            delegated_amount: 0,
            close_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut destination_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Setup accounts for transfer_checked
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            source,
            Account {
                lamports: account_rent,
                data: source_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            mint,
            Account {
                lamports: mint_rent,
                data: mint_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            destination,
            Account {
                lamports: account_rent,
                data: destination_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            authority,
            Account {
                lamports: 1_000_000,
                data: vec![],
                owner: Pubkey::default(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Create transfer_checked instruction
    let instruction = transfer_checked(
        &token::ID,
        &source,
        &mint,
        &destination,
        &authority,
        &[],
        transfer_amount,
        decimals,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Expected balances after transfer
    let expected_source_balance = (initial_balance - transfer_amount).to_le_bytes();
    let expected_dest_balance = transfer_amount.to_le_bytes();

    // Define validation checks
    let checks = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&source)
            .data_slice(64, &expected_source_balance) // Token amount is at offset 64
            .build(),
        Check::account(&destination)
            .data_slice(64, &expected_dest_balance)
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process and validate the instruction
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &accounts, &checks);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Deserialize token account data
    let source_account = result.get_account(&source).unwrap();
    let source_token = TokenAccount::unpack(&source_account.data).unwrap();
    println!("Source Token Account: {:#?}", source_token);

    let destination_account = result.get_account(&destination).unwrap();
    let dest_token = TokenAccount::unpack(&destination_account.data).unwrap();
    println!("Destination Token Account: {:#?}", dest_token);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Token Transfer Example

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    mollusk_svm_programs_token::token,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, program_pack::Pack, pubkey::Pubkey},
    spl_token::{
        instruction::transfer_checked,
        state::{Account as TokenAccount, Mint},
    },
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk with Token program
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();
    token::add_program(&mut mollusk);

    // Create account keys
    let mint = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let source = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let destination = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let authority = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Token configuration
    let decimals = 6;
    let transfer_amount = 1_000_000; // 1 token with 6 decimals
    let initial_balance = 10_000_000; // 10 tokens

    // Calculate rent-exempt minimums
    let mint_rent = mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(Mint::LEN);
    let account_rent = mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(TokenAccount::LEN);

    // Create mint account
    let mut mint_data = vec![0u8; Mint::LEN];
    Mint::pack(
        Mint {
            mint_authority: Some(authority).into(),
            supply: initial_balance,
            decimals,
            is_initialized: true,
            freeze_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut mint_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Create source token account
    let mut source_data = vec![0u8; TokenAccount::LEN];
    TokenAccount::pack(
        TokenAccount {
            mint,
            owner: authority,
            amount: initial_balance,
            delegate: None.into(),
            state: spl_token::state::AccountState::Initialized,
            is_native: None.into(),
            delegated_amount: 0,
            close_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut source_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Create destination token account
    let mut destination_data = vec![0u8; TokenAccount::LEN];
    TokenAccount::pack(
        TokenAccount {
            mint,
            owner: Pubkey::new_unique(),
            amount: 0,
            delegate: None.into(),
            state: spl_token::state::AccountState::Initialized,
            is_native: None.into(),
            delegated_amount: 0,
            close_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut destination_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Setup accounts for transfer_checked
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            source,
            Account {
                lamports: account_rent,
                data: source_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            mint,
            Account {
                lamports: mint_rent,
                data: mint_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            destination,
            Account {
                lamports: account_rent,
                data: destination_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            authority,
            Account {
                lamports: 1_000_000,
                data: vec![],
                owner: Pubkey::default(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Create transfer_checked instruction
    let instruction = transfer_checked(
        &token::ID,
        &source,
        &mint,
        &destination,
        &authority,
        &[],
        transfer_amount,
        decimals,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Expected balances after transfer
    let expected_source_balance = (initial_balance - transfer_amount).to_le_bytes();
    let expected_dest_balance = transfer_amount.to_le_bytes();

    // Define validation checks
    let checks = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&source)
            .data_slice(64, &expected_source_balance) // Token amount is at offset 64
            .build(),
        Check::account(&destination)
            .data_slice(64, &expected_dest_balance)
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process and validate the instruction
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &accounts, &checks);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Deserialize token account data
    let source_account = result.get_account(&source).unwrap();
    let source_token = TokenAccount::unpack(&source_account.data).unwrap();
    println!("Source Token Account: {:#?}", source_token);

    let destination_account = result.get_account(&destination).unwrap();
    let dest_token = TokenAccount::unpack(&destination_account.data).unwrap();
    println!("Destination Token Account: {:#?}", dest_token);
}

Console

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Programa Hello World

Programa Hello World

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