Solana DocumentationDeveloping Programs

Deploying Programs

This section walks through the basic process of deploying a Solana program using the Solana CLI.

CLI Command Reference

TaskCommand
Build programcargo build-sbf
Deploy new programsolana program deploy <path_to_program.so>
Update existing programsolana program deploy <path_to_program.so> (same as deploy)
Show program infosolana program show <program-id>
Transfer program authoritysolana program set-upgrade-authority <program-id> --new-upgrade-authority <path_to_keypair>
Make program immutablesolana program set-upgrade-authority <program-id> --final
Close programsolana program close <program-id> --bypass-warning
Check wallet balancesolana balance
Request airdrop (devnet/localhost)solana airdrop 2

Key Concepts

Before diving in, let's clarify some terminology:

  • Program ID: The on-chain address of your program. Users interact with your program by referencing the Program ID.
  • Program Account: The on-chain account that stores your program's metadata. The program account's address is the Program ID. The program account also stores the address of the ProgramData Account.
  • ProgramData Account: The on-chain account that stores your program's deployed executable code.
  • Program Authority: The account that has permission to update or close the program. By default, this is your CLI wallet.

Prerequisites

Install the Solana CLI

First, install the Solana CLI.

Set Up Wallet

After installation, create a local keypair wallet. The address of this wallet is set as the default program authority when deploying programs:

Terminal
$ 
solana-keygen new

This creates a keypair at ~/.config/solana/id.json by default.

Configure Cluster

Choose which Solana cluster to deploy to. Use the solana config get command to check your current configuration:

Terminal
$ 
solana config get

Switch between clusters as needed:

Terminal
$ 
solana config set --url mainnet-beta

$ 
solana config set --url devnet

$ 
solana config set --url localhost

$ 
solana config set --url testnet

$ 
solana config set --url "https://your-rpc-url.com"

Fund Wallet

You'll need SOL to pay for program deployments. The amount depends on your program size.

For devnet or localhost, fund your wallet using the solana airdrop command:

Terminal
$ 
solana airdrop 2

Check your wallet balance:

Terminal
$ 
solana balance

Basic Operations

Build Program

To build a program, use the cargo build-sbf command:

Terminal
$ 
cargo build-sbf

Example Program

Here is a minimal Solana program that prints "Hello, Solana!" to the program logs.

src/lib.rs
use solana_program::{

    account_info::AccountInfo, entrypoint, entrypoint::ProgramResult, msg, pubkey::Pubkey,

};



entrypoint!(process_instruction);



pub fn process_instruction(

    _program_id: &Pubkey,

    _accounts: &[AccountInfo],

    _instruction_data: &[u8],

) -> ProgramResult {

    msg!("Hello, Solana!");

    Ok(())

}

Build Output

Build your program using the cargo build-sbf command:

Terminal
$ 
cargo build-sbf

This creates two important files in target/deploy/:

  1. hello_world-keypair.json: A keypair file whose public key will be used as your Program ID
  2. hello_world.so: The compiled program executable

Example Program

Here is a minimal Solana program that prints "Hello, Solana!" to the program logs.

Build Output

Build your program using the cargo build-sbf command:

Terminal
$ 
cargo build-sbf

This creates two important files in target/deploy/:

  1. hello_world-keypair.json: A keypair file whose public key will be used as your Program ID
  2. hello_world.so: The compiled program executable
lib.rs
Cargo.toml
use solana_program::{

    account_info::AccountInfo, entrypoint, entrypoint::ProgramResult, msg, pubkey::Pubkey,

};



entrypoint!(process_instruction);



pub fn process_instruction(

    _program_id: &Pubkey,

    _accounts: &[AccountInfo],

    _instruction_data: &[u8],

) -> ProgramResult {

    msg!("Hello, Solana!");

    Ok(())

}

Check Program Size and Cost

Deploying a program requires SOL to be allocated to the program account based on the size of the program. Larger programs cost more SOL to deploy.

Check your program's size:

Terminal
$ 
wc -c < ./target/deploy/hello_world.so

Calculate the required SOL for this size (bytes):

Terminal
$ 
solana rent 18504

You'll need slightly more SOL than shown to cover deployment transaction fees.

Deploy Program

Use the solana program deploy command to deploy your program:

Terminal
$ 
solana program deploy ./target/deploy/hello_world.so

The Program Id shown is your program's permanent address on the network.

To deploy with a specific Program ID (instead of the auto-generated one), use:

Terminal
$ 
solana program deploy ./target/deploy/hello_world.so --program-id ./custom-keypair.json

You can generate new keypairs using the solana-keygen command:

Terminal
$ 
solana-keygen new -o ./custom-keypair.json

Update Program

Update your program using the same solana program deploy command:

  1. Make changes to your program code
  2. Rebuild your program: cargo build-sbf
  3. Deploy the update:
Terminal
$ 
solana program deploy ./target/deploy/hello_world.so

If your updated program requires more space (bytes) than currently allocated, the deployment will automatically extend the program account. This happens when your new program is larger than the previous version. The program account needs additional bytes to store the new program. The CLI will calculate the required SOL and deduct it from your wallet automatically.

You can also manually extend a program to allocate more bytes:

Terminal
$ 
solana program extend 7NxQjW8H8hVcqBKgXbVDWqGQCovHbqDW9p1SJJwUyTpE 1000

Program Management

Once your program is deployed, there are several common commands to manage the program account.

View Program Metadata

To check your program metadata, use the solana program show command:

Terminal
$ 
solana program show 7NxQjW8H8hVcqBKgXbVDWqGQCovHbqDW9p1SJJwUyTpE

Example output:

$ solana program show 7283x8k8fyBcfaFLyPsxbd2VV1AMmZFP7FNoyTXVKJw7

Program Id: 7283x8k8fyBcfaFLyPsxbd2VV1AMmZFP7FNoyTXVKJw7

Owner: BPFLoaderUpgradeab1e11111111111111111111111

ProgramData Address: Gqn7YQVCP8NtYV1qkEqR4Udhj8EJ3fkikvS7HskCNQ7c

Authority: 5kh6HxYZiAebF8HWLsUWod2EaQQ6iWHpHYCz8UcmFbM1

Last Deployed In Slot: 6573

Data Length: 18504 (0x4848) bytes

Balance: 0.12999192 SOL

Transfer Program Authority

To transfer the program authority to a different account, use the solana program set-upgrade-authority command:

Terminal
$ 
solana program set-upgrade-authority 7NxQjW8H8hVcqBKgXbVDWqGQCovHbqDW9p1SJJwUyTpE --new-upgrade-authority ./new-authority-keypair.json

After transferring the program authority, you can no longer update the program unless you have access to the new authority keypair.

Make Your Program Immutable

To make your program immutable, use the solana program set-upgrade-authority command with the --final flag to remove the program authority:

Terminal
$ 
solana program set-upgrade-authority 7NxQjW8H8hVcqBKgXbVDWqGQCovHbqDW9p1SJJwUyTpE --final

Once a program is immutable, it can never be updated or closed.

Close Your Program

To close your program and reclaim the SOL allocated to the program account, use the solana program close command:

Terminal
$ 
solana program close 7NxQjW8H8hVcqBKgXbVDWqGQCovHbqDW9p1SJJwUyTpE --bypass-warning

Once closed, the Program ID can not be reused. You cannot deploy a new program to the same address.

Utility Commands

List All Programs

View all programs where your current wallet is the authority:

Terminal
$ 
solana program show --programs

Example output:

Program Id                                       | Slot       | Authority                                      | Balance

-------------------------------------------------|------------|------------------------------------------------|-------------

7NxQjW8H8hVcqBKgXbVDWqGQCovHbqDW9p1SJJwUyTpE     | 249885434  | 5kh6HxYZiAebF8HWLsUWod2EaQQ6iWHpHYCz8UcmFbM1   | 0.12999192

3KSGCk4m5hqJkTjPHBXUCPcqMwJnK3VmkqEsFUKKGJPK     | 249883212  | 5kh6HxYZiAebF8HWLsUWod2EaQQ6iWHpHYCz8UcmFbM1   | 0.28654328

Download a Deployed Program

To download a deployed program, use the solana program dump command:

Terminal
$ 
solana program dump 7NxQjW8H8hVcqBKgXbVDWqGQCovHbqDW9p1SJJwUyTpE ./downloaded_program.so

Advanced Options

Deployment Flags

When the Solana network is congested, use these flags to help with program deployment.

Example Usage:

Terminal
$ 
solana program deploy ./target/deploy/hello_world.so \

    --with-compute-unit-price 10000 \

    --max-sign-attempts 10 \

    --use-rpc

Options explained:

  • --with-compute-unit-price: Set priority fee in micro-lamports (0.000001 SOL) per compute unit. Check Helius Priority Fee API for current rates. A priority fee is an additional fee that paid to the current leader to prioritize your transaction.
  • --max-sign-attempts: Number of times to retry with a new blockhash if transactions expire. (Default: 5)
  • --use-rpc: Send transactions to the configured RPC. This flag requires a stake-weighted RPC connection from providers such as Triton or Helius.

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