ERC-4337 is a standard designed to bring Account Abstraction (AA) to Ethereum. Under Ethereum’s existing account model, user accounts (externally owned accounts, or EOAs) and contract accounts (CAs) are strictly separated, and a CA cannot issue transactions on its own. This means that whenever developers want to implement advanced features such as multisig or social recovery they typically have to rely on an EOA to trigger those contract functions and pay transaction fees, which can lead to a less streamlined user experience.
To address this, ERC-4337 introduces a separate mempool and “bundler” (block producer) mechanism that does not require major protocol-layer changes. Through this system, contract accounts (CAs) can directly initiate and sign transactions. In doing so, developers gain the flexibility to implement features like social recovery, fee sponsorship, session keys, and other custom security models, ultimately making Account Abstraction a reality on Ethereum.
In contrast to Ethereum’s approach, Solana was designed from the outset to support account abstraction at a protocol level. Below are the main reasons why Solana inherently addresses many of the issues that ERC-4337 seeks to solve:
Solana treats every account as a flexible “storage bucket,” capable of holding arbitrary data. In other words, an account on Solana is not limited to storing a simple balance or nonce:
This design naturally allows for much broader state management compared to traditional EOAs on Ethereum, which are restricted to storing only balances and nonces.
Solana smart contracts are called programs, and each program is also an account, specifically, an executable account. By contrast, a non-executable (data) account is used to store actual state (e.g., user balances, configuration data, or other custom info):
Because programs exist as dedicated accounts, developers can easily separate a contract’s logic from the storage of user or application data. In many ways, this is more modular than Ethereum’s approach, where code and state reside within the same contract account.
Một tính năng tương đồng với "tài khoản hợp đồng như nguồn gốc giao dịch" của ERC-4337 là tính năng Program Derived Address (PDA) của Solana. PDA là một địa chỉ được tạo ra bởi chính một chương trình Solana, thay vì được tạo từ khóa riêng tư. Điều này có những ý nghĩa quan trọng:
Không cần khóa riêng tư
Quy tắc và logic tùy chỉnh
Hợp đồng tự thực thi
Từ việc thanh toán phí giao dịch thay mặt người dùng đến kích hoạt các luồng multisig nâng cao hoặc tái cân bằng tự động trong các giao thức DeFi, PDA cung cấp nhiều khả năng gốc trên Solana.
Solana also supports Cross-Program Invocation (CPI), which allows programs, and by extension their PDAs, to interact directly with one another. This is essential for composability:
For account abstraction, CPI means seamless composability among different programs and PDAs precisely the kind of flexibility ERC-4337 is designed to enable on Ethereum.
When viewed side by side, Solana’s account model and Ethereum’s ERC-4337 solution both aim to provide more dynamic, programmable user accounts. However:
| Category | Ethereum (ERC-4337) | Solana |
|---|---|---|
| Architecture | Uses bundlers and a specialized mempool | Natively supported via PDAs at the protocol level |
| Transaction Origination | Contract accounts can’t initiate transactions directly - rely on bundlers | Programs can initiate transactions directly through PDAs |
| State Storage | EOAs can only store balances and nonces | All accounts can store arbitrary custom data |
| Logic – Data Structure | Logic and state are combined in a single contract account | Logic (program) and data (account) are separated |
| Flexibility | Extended via a Layer-2-like structure | Built-in as a native feature of the core design |
Cả hai cách tiếp cận đều tìm cách nâng cao trải nghiệm người dùng và mở rộng phạm vi của các ứng dụng onchain. Nhưng thiết kế của Solana là gốc và không yêu cầu các tiêu chuẩn hoặc đề xuất bổ sung để đạt được chức năng tương tự.