Mollusk

Mollusk è un framework di test leggero per testare i programmi Solana. Fornisce un'interfaccia semplice per testare le istruzioni dei programmi Solana in un ambiente Solana Virtual Machine (SVM) minimizzato. Tutti gli account di test devono essere definiti esplicitamente, garantendo test deterministici e ripetibili.

Installazione

Aggiungi mollusk-svm come dipendenza nel file Cargo.toml:

Terminal

$ cargo add mollusk-svm --dev

Cargo.toml

[dev-dependencies]
mollusk-svm = "0.7"

Per valutare l'utilizzo delle unità di calcolo, aggiungi mollusk-svm-bencher come dipendenza nel Cargo.toml:

Terminal

$ cargo add mollusk-svm-bencher --dev

Cargo.toml

[dev-dependencies]
mollusk-svm-bencher = "0.7"

Per utilizzare il Token Program, il token2022 program (Token Extensions) e l'Associated Token Program per i test con Mollusk, aggiungi mollusk-svm-programs-token come dipendenza nel Cargo.toml:

Terminal

$ cargo add mollusk-svm-programs-token --dev

Cargo.toml

[dev-dependencies]
mollusk-svm-programs-token = "0.7"

Mollusk SVM

L'esempio seguente mostra una configurazione minima per testare un programma Solana di base utilizzando Mollusk.

Programma Hello World

Questo esempio dimostra come testare un programma Solana di base utilizzando Mollusk. Il programma stampa semplicemente "Hello, world!" nei log del programma quando viene invocato.

L'esecuzione di cargo build-sbf genera il programma compilato in /target/deploy/<program_name>.so.

src/lib.rs

use solana_program::{
    account_info::AccountInfo, entrypoint, entrypoint::ProgramResult, msg, pubkey::Pubkey,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

pub fn process_instruction(
    _program_id: &Pubkey,
    _accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    msg!("Hello, world!");
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk};
    use solana_sdk::{instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey};

    #[test]
    fn test_hello_world() {
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/hello_world");

        let instruction = Instruction::new_with_bytes(program_id, &[], vec![]);

        mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &[], &[Check::success()]);
    }
}

Per testare un programma Solana con Mollusk:

Crea un'istanza di Mollusk - Inizializza Mollusk con un program ID e il percorso del programma compilato (file .so)
Costruisci un'istruzione - Crea un'istruzione per invocare il programma
Elabora e valida - Elabora l'istruzione utilizzando Mollusk e valida il risultato

src/lib.rs

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk};
    use solana_sdk::{instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey};

    #[test]
    fn test_hello_world() {
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/hello_world");

        let instruction = Instruction::new_with_bytes(program_id, &[], vec![]);

        mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &[], &[Check::success()]);
    }
}

Per eseguire il test, esegui cargo test.

Quando il test viene eseguito con successo, vedrai un output simile al seguente:

Terminal

running 1 test
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.427685000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs invoke [1]
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429669000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program log: Hello, world!
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429690000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs consumed 211 of 1400000 compute units
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429726000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs success
test tests::test_hello_world ... ok

test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.02s

   Doc-tests hello_world

Programma Hello World

Questo esempio dimostra come testare un programma Solana di base utilizzando Mollusk. Il programma stampa semplicemente "Hello, world!" nei log del programma quando viene invocato.

L'esecuzione di cargo build-sbf genera il programma compilato in /target/deploy/<program_name>.so.

Per testare un programma Solana con Mollusk:

Crea un'istanza di Mollusk - Inizializza Mollusk con un program ID e il percorso del programma compilato (file .so)
Costruisci un'istruzione - Crea un'istruzione per invocare il programma
Elabora e valida - Elabora l'istruzione utilizzando Mollusk e valida il risultato

src/lib.rs

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk};
    use solana_sdk::{instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey};

    #[test]
    fn test_hello_world() {
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/hello_world");

        let instruction = Instruction::new_with_bytes(program_id, &[], vec![]);

        mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &[], &[Check::success()]);
    }
}

Per eseguire il test, esegui cargo test.

Quando il test viene eseguito con successo, vedrai un output simile al seguente:

Terminal

running 1 test
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.427685000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs invoke [1]
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429669000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program log: Hello, world!
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429690000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs consumed 211 of 1400000 compute units
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429726000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs success
test tests::test_hello_world ... ok

test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.02s

   Doc-tests hello_world

lib.rs

hello_world.so

Cargo.toml

use solana_program::{
    account_info::AccountInfo, entrypoint, entrypoint::ProgramResult, msg, pubkey::Pubkey,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

pub fn process_instruction(
    _program_id: &Pubkey,
    _accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    msg!("Hello, world!");
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk};
    use solana_sdk::{instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey};

    #[test]
    fn test_hello_world() {
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/hello_world");

        let instruction = Instruction::new_with_bytes(program_id, &[], vec![]);

        mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &[], &[Check::success()]);
    }
}

La struct Mollusk fornisce un'interfaccia semplice per testare i programmi Solana. Tutti i campi possono essere manipolati attraverso una manciata di metodi di supporto, ma gli utenti possono anche accedere e modificarli direttamente se desiderano un maggiore controllo.

Per inizializzare Mollusk con un'istanza predefinita, utilizza il metodo Mollusk::default.

Example

// Default instance with no custom programs
let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

Per inizializzare Mollusk con un programma specifico, utilizza il metodo Mollusk::new.

Example

// Initialize Mollusk with a specific program from a file path
let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/my_program");

Per aggiungere un programma a Mollusk, utilizza il metodo Mollusk::add_program.

Example

let mollusk = Mollusk::default();
let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();

// Add a program to Mollusk
mollusk.add_program(
    &program_id,
    "target/deploy/my_program",
    &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
);

Quando fornisci il percorso del file, non includere l'estensione .so. Per esempio, "path/to/my_program" è corretto, ma "path/to/my_program.so" non lo è.

Elaborazione delle istruzioni

Mollusk fornisce quattro metodi principali per elaborare le istruzioni:

Metodo	Descrizione
`process_instruction`	Elabora un'istruzione e restituisce il risultato.
`process_and_validate_instruction`	Elabora un'istruzione ed esegue una serie di controlli sul risultato, generando un panic se qualsiasi controllo fallisce.
`process_instruction_chain`	Elabora più istruzioni e restituisce il risultato.
`process_and_validate_instruction_chain`	Elabora più istruzioni ed esegue una serie di controlli su ciascun risultato, generando un panic se qualsiasi controllo fallisce.

La InstructionResult contiene i dettagli di un'istruzione elaborata.

Istruzione singola

Utilizza il metodo process_instruction per elaborare una singola istruzione senza controlli sul risultato. Puoi convalidare manualmente i risultati dopo l'elaborazione.

Method Signature

pub fn process_instruction(
    &self,
    instruction: &Instruction,
    accounts: &[(Pubkey, Account)],
) -> InstructionResult

L'esempio seguente elabora un'istruzione di trasferimento di SOL senza controlli di validazione.

Gli esempi seguenti eseguono Mollusk nella funzione main a scopo dimostrativo. In pratica, tipicamente utilizzerai Mollusk in un modulo di test annotato con l'attributo #[test].

Single Instruction

use mollusk_svm::Mollusk;
use solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey};
use solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Set up accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;
    let transfer_amount = 250_000;

    // Create transfer instruction
    let instruction = transfer(&sender, &recipient, transfer_amount);

    // Define initial account states
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            recipient,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Process the instruction
    let result = mollusk.process_instruction(&instruction, &accounts);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Check the result
    assert!(result.program_result.is_ok());
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&sender).unwrap().lamports, 750_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&recipient).unwrap().lamports, 250_000);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Single Instruction

use mollusk_svm::Mollusk;
use solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey};
use solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Set up accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;
    let transfer_amount = 250_000;

    // Create transfer instruction
    let instruction = transfer(&sender, &recipient, transfer_amount);

    // Define initial account states
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            recipient,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Process the instruction
    let result = mollusk.process_instruction(&instruction, &accounts);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Check the result
    assert!(result.program_result.is_ok());
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&sender).unwrap().lamports, 750_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&recipient).unwrap().lamports, 250_000);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Istruzione singola con controlli

Utilizza il metodo process_and_validate_instruction per elaborare una singola istruzione con controlli di validazione. Questo metodo genererà un panic se qualsiasi controllo fallisce.

Method Signature

pub fn process_and_validate_instruction(
    &self,
    instruction: &Instruction,
    accounts: &[(Pubkey, Account)],
    checks: &[Check],
) -> InstructionResult

L'esempio seguente elabora un'istruzione di trasferimento SOL con controlli di validazione.

With Validation

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;
    let transfer_amount = 250_000;

    let instruction = transfer(&sender, &recipient, transfer_amount);

    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            recipient,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Define validation checks
    let checks = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&sender).lamports(750_000).build(),
        Check::account(&recipient).lamports(250_000).build(),
    ];

    // Process and validate (will panic if any check fails)
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &accounts, &checks);
    println!("{:#?}", result);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

With Validation

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;
    let transfer_amount = 250_000;

    let instruction = transfer(&sender, &recipient, transfer_amount);

    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            recipient,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Define validation checks
    let checks = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&sender).lamports(750_000).build(),
        Check::account(&recipient).lamports(250_000).build(),
    ];

    // Process and validate (will panic if any check fails)
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &accounts, &checks);
    println!("{:#?}", result);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Istruzioni multiple

Utilizza il metodo process_instruction_chain per elaborare più istruzioni in sequenza senza controlli di validazione.

Method Signature

pub fn process_instruction_chain(
    &self,
    instructions: &[Instruction],
    accounts: &[(Pubkey, Account)],
) -> InstructionResult

L'esempio seguente elabora due istruzioni di trasferimento SOL senza controlli di validazione.

Multiple Instructions

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Set up accounts
    let alice = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let bob = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let charlie = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;

    // Create chain of transfers
    let instructions = vec![
        transfer(&alice, &bob, 300_000),   // Alice -> Bob
        transfer(&bob, &charlie, 100_000), // Bob -> Charlie
    ];

    let accounts = vec![
        (
            alice,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            bob,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            charlie,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Process the instruction chain
    let result = mollusk.process_instruction_chain(&instructions, &accounts);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Final balances: Alice=700K, Bob=200K, Charlie=100K
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&alice).unwrap().lamports, 700_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&bob).unwrap().lamports, 200_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&charlie).unwrap().lamports, 100_000);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Multiple Instructions

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Set up accounts
    let alice = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let bob = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let charlie = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;

    // Create chain of transfers
    let instructions = vec![
        transfer(&alice, &bob, 300_000),   // Alice -> Bob
        transfer(&bob, &charlie, 100_000), // Bob -> Charlie
    ];

    let accounts = vec![
        (
            alice,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            bob,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            charlie,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Process the instruction chain
    let result = mollusk.process_instruction_chain(&instructions, &accounts);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Final balances: Alice=700K, Bob=200K, Charlie=100K
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&alice).unwrap().lamports, 700_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&bob).unwrap().lamports, 200_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&charlie).unwrap().lamports, 100_000);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Istruzioni multiple con controlli

Utilizza il metodo process_and_validate_instruction_chain per elaborare più istruzioni con controlli di validazione dopo ogni istruzione. Ogni istruzione ha il proprio set di controlli che devono essere superati.

Method Signature

pub fn process_and_validate_instruction_chain(
    &self,
    instructions: &[(&Instruction, &[Check])],
    accounts: &[(Pubkey, Account)],
) -> InstructionResult

L'esempio seguente elabora una catena di due istruzioni di trasferimento SOL con controlli di validazione dopo ogni istruzione.

With Validation

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create accounts
    let alice = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let bob = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let charlie = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;

    // Create transfer instructions
    let transfer1 = transfer(&alice, &bob, 300_000);
    let transfer2 = transfer(&bob, &charlie, 100_000);

    // Initial accounts
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            alice,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            bob,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            charlie,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Define checks for each instruction
    let checks_after_transfer1 = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&alice)
            .lamports(700_000) // 1M - 300K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&bob)
            .lamports(300_000) // 0 + 300K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&charlie)
            .lamports(0) // Unchanged
            .build(),
    ];

    let checks_after_transfer2 = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&alice)
            .lamports(700_000) // Unchanged from previous
            .build(),
        Check::account(&bob)
            .lamports(200_000) // 300K - 100K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&charlie)
            .lamports(100_000) // 0 + 100K
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process with validation at each step
    let instruction_and_checks = [
        (&transfer1, checks_after_transfer1.as_slice()),
        (&transfer2, checks_after_transfer2.as_slice()),
    ];

    // Execute chain (panics if any check fails)
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction_chain(&instruction_and_checks, &accounts);

    println!("{:#?}", result);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

With Validation

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create accounts
    let alice = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let bob = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let charlie = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;

    // Create transfer instructions
    let transfer1 = transfer(&alice, &bob, 300_000);
    let transfer2 = transfer(&bob, &charlie, 100_000);

    // Initial accounts
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            alice,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            bob,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            charlie,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Define checks for each instruction
    let checks_after_transfer1 = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&alice)
            .lamports(700_000) // 1M - 300K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&bob)
            .lamports(300_000) // 0 + 300K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&charlie)
            .lamports(0) // Unchanged
            .build(),
    ];

    let checks_after_transfer2 = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&alice)
            .lamports(700_000) // Unchanged from previous
            .build(),
        Check::account(&bob)
            .lamports(200_000) // 300K - 100K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&charlie)
            .lamports(100_000) // 0 + 100K
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process with validation at each step
    let instruction_and_checks = [
        (&transfer1, checks_after_transfer1.as_slice()),
        (&transfer2, checks_after_transfer2.as_slice()),
    ];

    // Execute chain (panics if any check fails)
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction_chain(&instruction_and_checks, &accounts);

    println!("{:#?}", result);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Controlli di validazione

Mollusk fornisce un insieme di metodi di supporto per verificare i risultati di un'istruzione elaborata.

Example

use mollusk_svm::result::Check;

Utilizza i seguenti metodi per validare i risultati delle istruzioni:

Example

// Program execution succeeded
Check::success()

// Program returned specific error
Check::err(ProgramError::InvalidArgument)

// Instruction level error
Check::instruction_err(InstructionError::InsufficientFunds)

// Check with specific program result
Check::program_result(ProgramResult::Success)

// Compute units consumed
Check::compute_units(1000)

// Execution time
Check::time(100)

// Return data from instruction execution
Check::return_data(&[1, 2, 3, 4])

Utilizza i seguenti per validare gli stati degli Account:

Example

// Single account validation
Check::account(&pubkey)
    .lamports(1_000_000)           // Exact lamports
    .owner(&program_id)            // Account owner
    .data(&expected_data)          // Exact data match
    .data_slice(8, &[1, 2, 3])     // Partial data match at offset
    .executable(false)             // Executable flag
    .space(100)                    // Account data size
    .closed()                      // Account is closed (0 lamports)
    .rent_exempt()                 // Account is rent-exempt
    .build()

// Check all accounts are rent exempt
Check::all_rent_exempt()

Stato persistente dell'account

Il MolluskContext è un wrapper attorno a Mollusk che mantiene lo stato dell'account attraverso più chiamata di istruzioni tramite il suo account_store. I metodi per elaborare le istruzioni sono identici a Mollusk.

A differenza di Mollusk, che richiede di passare accounts a ciascun metodo (ad es. process_instruction), MolluskContext gestisce gli account internamente attraverso il suo account_store. Questo elimina la necessità del parametro accounts durante l'elaborazione delle istruzioni.

Crea un account_store utilizzando il metodo with_context:

Example

use std::collections::HashMap;
use solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey};
use solana_system_interface::program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID;
use mollusk_svm::Mollusk;

let mollusk = Mollusk::default();
let account_address = Pubkey::new_unique();

let mut account_store = HashMap::new();
account_store.insert(
    account_address,
    Account {
        lamports: 1_000_000,
        data: vec![],
        owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
        executable: false,
        rent_epoch: 0,
    },
);

let context = mollusk.with_context(account_store);

Il seguente esempio elabora due istruzioni separate di trasferimento di SOL con stato dell'account persistente tra le istruzioni attraverso il account_store.

Stateful Testing

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
    std::collections::HashMap,
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Create account store with initial balances
    let mut account_store = HashMap::new();
    account_store.insert(
        sender,
        Account {
            lamports: 1_000_000,
            data: vec![],
            owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
            executable: false,
            rent_epoch: 0,
        },
    );
    account_store.insert(
        recipient,
        Account {
            lamports: 0,
            data: vec![],
            owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
            executable: false,
            rent_epoch: 0,
        },
    );

    // Create a stateful context
    let context = mollusk.with_context(account_store);

    // First transfer: 200,000 lamports
    let instruction1 = transfer(&sender, &recipient, 200_000);
    context.process_instruction(&instruction1);

    // Second transfer: 100,000 lamports (state persists from first transfer)
    let instruction2 = transfer(&sender, &recipient, 100_000);
    context.process_instruction(&instruction2);

    // Check final balances
    let store = context.account_store.borrow();
    let sender_account = store.get(&sender).unwrap();
    let recipient_account = store.get(&recipient).unwrap();
    println!("Sender: {:#?}", sender_account);
    println!("Recipient: {:#?}", recipient_account);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Stateful Testing

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
    std::collections::HashMap,
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Create account store with initial balances
    let mut account_store = HashMap::new();
    account_store.insert(
        sender,
        Account {
            lamports: 1_000_000,
            data: vec![],
            owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
            executable: false,
            rent_epoch: 0,
        },
    );
    account_store.insert(
        recipient,
        Account {
            lamports: 0,
            data: vec![],
            owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
            executable: false,
            rent_epoch: 0,
        },
    );

    // Create a stateful context
    let context = mollusk.with_context(account_store);

    // First transfer: 200,000 lamports
    let instruction1 = transfer(&sender, &recipient, 200_000);
    context.process_instruction(&instruction1);

    // Second transfer: 100,000 lamports (state persists from first transfer)
    let instruction2 = transfer(&sender, &recipient, 100_000);
    context.process_instruction(&instruction2);

    // Check final balances
    let store = context.account_store.borrow();
    let sender_account = store.get(&sender).unwrap();
    let recipient_account = store.get(&recipient).unwrap();
    println!("Sender: {:#?}", sender_account);
    println!("Recipient: {:#?}", recipient_account);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Sysvars di Mollusk

Mollusk fornisce una struttura personalizzata Sysvars per modificare i suoi valori per i test.

Utilizza il metodo warp_to_slot per aggiornare il clock sysvar per simulare lo spostamento avanti o indietro nel tempo fino a uno slot specifico.

Warp to Slot

use mollusk_svm::Mollusk;

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Show initial slot
    println!("Initial slot: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);

    // Warp to slot 1000
    mollusk.warp_to_slot(100);
    println!("After warp: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);

    // Warp to slot 10
    mollusk.warp_to_slot(10);
    println!("After second warp: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Warp to Slot

use mollusk_svm::Mollusk;

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Show initial slot
    println!("Initial slot: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);

    // Warp to slot 1000
    mollusk.warp_to_slot(100);
    println!("After warp: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);

    // Warp to slot 10
    mollusk.warp_to_slot(10);
    println!("After second warp: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Il seguente esempio mostra come modificare direttamente il sysvar di Mollusk accedendo al campo sysvars per cambiare i parametri di rent. Puoi modificare altri valori sysvar allo stesso modo.

Modify Sysvars

use {mollusk_svm::Mollusk, solana_sdk::rent::Rent};

fn main() {
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Show default rent
    println!(
        "Default rent exemption for 1000 bytes: {} lamports",
        mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(1000)
    );

    // Customize rent parameters
    mollusk.sysvars.rent = Rent {
        lamports_per_byte_year: 1,
        exemption_threshold: 1.0,
        burn_percent: 0,
    };

    // Show custom rent
    println!(
        "Custom rent exemption for 1000 bytes: {} lamports",
        mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(1000)
    );
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Modify Sysvars

use {mollusk_svm::Mollusk, solana_sdk::rent::Rent};

fn main() {
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Show default rent
    println!(
        "Default rent exemption for 1000 bytes: {} lamports",
        mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(1000)
    );

    // Customize rent parameters
    mollusk.sysvars.rent = Rent {
        lamports_per_byte_year: 1,
        exemption_threshold: 1.0,
        burn_percent: 0,
    };

    // Show custom rent
    println!(
        "Custom rent exemption for 1000 bytes: {} lamports",
        mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(1000)
    );
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Benchmarking delle unità di calcolo

MolluskComputeUnitBencher tiene traccia dell'utilizzo delle unità di calcolo delle istruzioni di un programma. I risultati vengono scritti in un file markdown.

Richiede mollusk-svm-bencher come dipendenza.

Il seguente esempio esegue il benchmarking dell'utilizzo delle unità di calcolo di un'istruzione di trasferimento SOL.

Benchmark Compute Units

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    mollusk_svm_bencher::MolluskComputeUnitBencher,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create test accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let receiver = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Transfer instruction
    let transfer = transfer(&sender, &receiver, 100_000);
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: 1_000_000,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            receiver,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Run benchmark
    MolluskComputeUnitBencher::new(mollusk)
        .bench(("transfer", &transfer, &accounts))
        .must_pass(true)
        .out_dir("./target/benches")
        .execute();
}

I risultati del benchmark vengono scritti nel out_dir specificato come file markdown denominato compute_units.md.

comput_units.md

#### 2025-09-19 22:28:53.691839 UTC

Solana CLI Version: solana-cli 2.2.20 (src:dabc99a5; feat:3073396398,
client:Agave)

| Name     | CUs | Delta   |
| -------- | --- | ------- |
| transfer | 150 | - new - |

Test del Token Program

Utilizza il crate mollusk-svm-programs-token per aggiungere il Token Program, il token2022 program (Token Extensions) e l'Associated Token Program a Mollusk per i test.

Example

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    mollusk_svm_programs_token::{associated_token, token, token2022},
};

let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

// Add SPL Token Program
token::add_program(&mut mollusk);
// Add SPL Token-2022 Program
token2022::add_program(&mut mollusk);
// Add Associated Token Account Program
associated_token::add_program(&mut mollusk);

Il seguente esempio dimostra come testare un trasferimento di token utilizzando Mollusk.

L'esempio seguente definisce manualmente gli account di test a scopo dimostrativo. Il mollusk-svm-programs-token include anche funzioni di supporto per creare gli account mint e token.

Token Transfer Example

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    mollusk_svm_programs_token::token,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, program_pack::Pack, pubkey::Pubkey},
    spl_token_interface::{
        instruction::transfer_checked,
        state::{Account as TokenAccount, AccountState, Mint},
    },
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk with Token program
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();
    token::add_program(&mut mollusk);

    // Create account keys
    let mint = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let source = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let destination = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let authority = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Token configuration
    let decimals = 6;
    let transfer_amount = 1_000_000; // 1 token with 6 decimals
    let initial_balance = 10_000_000; // 10 tokens

    // Calculate rent-exempt minimums
    let mint_rent = mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(Mint::LEN);
    let account_rent = mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(TokenAccount::LEN);

    // Create mint account
    let mut mint_data = vec![0u8; Mint::LEN];
    Mint::pack(
        Mint {
            mint_authority: Some(authority).into(),
            supply: initial_balance,
            decimals,
            is_initialized: true,
            freeze_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut mint_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Create source token account
    let mut source_data = vec![0u8; TokenAccount::LEN];
    TokenAccount::pack(
        TokenAccount {
            mint,
            owner: authority,
            amount: initial_balance,
            delegate: None.into(),
            state: AccountState::Initialized,
            is_native: None.into(),
            delegated_amount: 0,
            close_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut source_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Create destination token account
    let mut destination_data = vec![0u8; TokenAccount::LEN];
    TokenAccount::pack(
        TokenAccount {
            mint,
            owner: Pubkey::new_unique(),
            amount: 0,
            delegate: None.into(),
            state: AccountState::Initialized,
            is_native: None.into(),
            delegated_amount: 0,
            close_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut destination_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Setup accounts for transfer_checked
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            source,
            Account {
                lamports: account_rent,
                data: source_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            mint,
            Account {
                lamports: mint_rent,
                data: mint_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            destination,
            Account {
                lamports: account_rent,
                data: destination_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            authority,
            Account {
                lamports: 1_000_000,
                data: vec![],
                owner: Pubkey::default(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Create transfer_checked instruction
    let instruction = transfer_checked(
        &token::ID,
        &source,
        &mint,
        &destination,
        &authority,
        &[],
        transfer_amount,
        decimals,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Expected balances after transfer
    let expected_source_balance = (initial_balance - transfer_amount).to_le_bytes();
    let expected_dest_balance = transfer_amount.to_le_bytes();

    // Define validation checks
    let checks = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&source)
            .data_slice(64, &expected_source_balance) // Token amount is at offset 64
            .build(),
        Check::account(&destination)
            .data_slice(64, &expected_dest_balance)
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process and validate the instruction
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &accounts, &checks);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Deserialize token account data
    let source_account = result.get_account(&source).unwrap();
    let source_token = TokenAccount::unpack(&source_account.data).unwrap();
    println!("Source Token Account: {:#?}", source_token);

    let destination_account = result.get_account(&destination).unwrap();
    let dest_token = TokenAccount::unpack(&destination_account.data).unwrap();
    println!("Destination Token Account: {:#?}", dest_token);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Token Transfer Example

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    mollusk_svm_programs_token::token,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, program_pack::Pack, pubkey::Pubkey},
    spl_token_interface::{
        instruction::transfer_checked,
        state::{Account as TokenAccount, AccountState, Mint},
    },
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk with Token program
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();
    token::add_program(&mut mollusk);

    // Create account keys
    let mint = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let source = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let destination = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let authority = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Token configuration
    let decimals = 6;
    let transfer_amount = 1_000_000; // 1 token with 6 decimals
    let initial_balance = 10_000_000; // 10 tokens

    // Calculate rent-exempt minimums
    let mint_rent = mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(Mint::LEN);
    let account_rent = mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(TokenAccount::LEN);

    // Create mint account
    let mut mint_data = vec![0u8; Mint::LEN];
    Mint::pack(
        Mint {
            mint_authority: Some(authority).into(),
            supply: initial_balance,
            decimals,
            is_initialized: true,
            freeze_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut mint_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Create source token account
    let mut source_data = vec![0u8; TokenAccount::LEN];
    TokenAccount::pack(
        TokenAccount {
            mint,
            owner: authority,
            amount: initial_balance,
            delegate: None.into(),
            state: AccountState::Initialized,
            is_native: None.into(),
            delegated_amount: 0,
            close_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut source_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Create destination token account
    let mut destination_data = vec![0u8; TokenAccount::LEN];
    TokenAccount::pack(
        TokenAccount {
            mint,
            owner: Pubkey::new_unique(),
            amount: 0,
            delegate: None.into(),
            state: AccountState::Initialized,
            is_native: None.into(),
            delegated_amount: 0,
            close_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut destination_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Setup accounts for transfer_checked
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            source,
            Account {
                lamports: account_rent,
                data: source_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            mint,
            Account {
                lamports: mint_rent,
                data: mint_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            destination,
            Account {
                lamports: account_rent,
                data: destination_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            authority,
            Account {
                lamports: 1_000_000,
                data: vec![],
                owner: Pubkey::default(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Create transfer_checked instruction
    let instruction = transfer_checked(
        &token::ID,
        &source,
        &mint,
        &destination,
        &authority,
        &[],
        transfer_amount,
        decimals,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Expected balances after transfer
    let expected_source_balance = (initial_balance - transfer_amount).to_le_bytes();
    let expected_dest_balance = transfer_amount.to_le_bytes();

    // Define validation checks
    let checks = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&source)
            .data_slice(64, &expected_source_balance) // Token amount is at offset 64
            .build(),
        Check::account(&destination)
            .data_slice(64, &expected_dest_balance)
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process and validate the instruction
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &accounts, &checks);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Deserialize token account data
    let source_account = result.get_account(&source).unwrap();
    let source_token = TokenAccount::unpack(&source_account.data).unwrap();
    println!("Source Token Account: {:#?}", source_token);

    let destination_account = result.get_account(&destination).unwrap();
    let dest_token = TokenAccount::unpack(&destination_account.data).unwrap();
    println!("Destination Token Account: {:#?}", dest_token);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Programma Hello World

Programma Hello World

Indice