Documentazione SolanaToken su SolanaNozioni di base

Creare un token account

Cos'è un token account?

Un token account memorizza il tuo saldo di un token specifico. Ogni token account è associato a esattamente una mint e tiene traccia del tuo saldo token e di dettagli aggiuntivi.

Token Account Type
/// Account data.

#[repr(C)]

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]

pub struct Account {

    /// The mint associated with this account

    pub mint: Pubkey,

    /// The owner of this account.

    pub owner: Pubkey,

    /// The amount of tokens this account holds.

    pub amount: u64,

    /// If `delegate` is `Some` then `delegated_amount` represents

    /// the amount authorized by the delegate

    pub delegate: COption<Pubkey>,

    /// The account's state

    pub state: AccountState,

    /// If `is_native.is_some`, this is a native token, and the value logs the

    /// rent-exempt reserve. An Account is required to be rent-exempt, so

    /// the value is used by the Processor to ensure that wrapped SOL

    /// accounts do not drop below this threshold.

    pub is_native: COption<u64>,

    /// The amount delegated

    pub delegated_amount: u64,

    /// Optional authority to close the account.

    pub close_authority: COption<Pubkey>,

}

Nota che nel codice sorgente, gli sviluppatori chiamano un Token account un tipo Account . Sia il Token Program che il Token Extension Program condividono la stessa implementazione di base per il token account.

Per detenere token, hai bisogno di un token account per quella specifica mint. Ogni token account tiene traccia di:

  1. Mint: Il tipo specifico di token che contiene
  2. Owner: L'autorità che può trasferire token da questo account

Esempio: USD Coin (USDC)

  • Indirizzo mint: EPjFWdd5AufqSSqeM2qN1xzybapC8G4wEGGkZwyTDt1v
  • Token account di Circle: 3emsAVdmGKERbHjmGfQ6oZ1e35dkf5iYcS6U4CPKFVaa
  • Questo account contiene solo token USDC
  • Circle controlla i token attraverso l'autorità proprietaria del token account: 7VHUFJHWu2CuExkJcJrzhQPJ2oygupTWkL2A2For4BmE

Puoi visualizzare i dettagli di questo token account su Solana Explorer.

**Comprendere la terminologia "Owner"

Il termine "owner" può essere utilizzato in due contesti diversi:

  1. Owner del token account: L'autorità che può trasferire, bruciare o delegare token. Questo è memorizzato nei dati del token account.

  2. Program Owner: Il programma che possiede l'account (sempre il Token Program o Token Extension Program per i token account).

Quando si lavora con i token account, "owner" si riferisce tipicamente all'autorità che può trasferire token, non al programma che possiede l'account.

Cos'è un associated token account?

Un associated token account (ATA) è il token account predefinito per un wallet per detenere un token specifico. Utilizza un indirizzo deterministico (PDA) creato dall' Associated Token Program.

Solo i token account creati dall'Associated Token Program sono chiamati "associated token account."

Gli ATA utilizzano indirizzi deterministici, rendendo facile trovare il token account di qualsiasi wallet per una data mint. Vedi l'implementazione della derivazione qui.

Associated Token Account Address Derivation
pub fn get_associated_token_address_and_bump_seed_internal(

    wallet_address: &Pubkey,

    token_mint_address: &Pubkey,

    program_id: &Pubkey,

    token_program_id: &Pubkey,

) -> (Pubkey, u8) {

    Pubkey::find_program_address(

        &[

            &wallet_address.to_bytes(), // Owner's public key

            &token_program_id.to_bytes(), // Token Program or Token Extension Program

            &token_mint_address.to_bytes(), // Token mint address

        ],

        program_id, // Associated Token Program ID

    )

}

Per qualsiasi combinazione di wallet e token, esiste esattamente un indirizzo ATA. Questo elimina la necessità di tenere traccia manualmente degli indirizzi dei token account—puoi sempre derivare l'indirizzo corretto.

Come funziona l'Associated Token Program

L'Associated Token Program è un helper che:

  • Crea token account a indirizzi deterministici (PDA)
  • Effettua Cross-Program Invocation (CPI) verso il Token Program
  • Non mantiene alcuno stato proprio

I token account risultanti sono di proprietà del Token Program e utilizzano la struttura standard Account.

Come creare un token account

La creazione di un token account richiede l'istruzione InitializeAccount. Vedi l'implementazione qui.

Sono necessarie due istruzioni per creare un token account:

  1. System Program: crea un account con spazio allocato per un token account e trasferisce la proprietà al Token Program
  2. Token Program: inizializza i dati del token account

Typescript

import {

  airdropFactory,

  appendTransactionMessageInstructions,

  createSolanaRpc,

  createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,

  createTransactionMessage,

  generateKeyPairSigner,

  getSignatureFromTransaction,

  lamports,

  pipe,

  sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,

  setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,

  setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,

  signTransactionMessageWithSigners

} from "@solana/kit";

import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

import {

  getInitializeAccount2Instruction,

  getInitializeMintInstruction,

  getMintSize,

  getTokenSize,

  TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

} from "@solana-program/token";



// Create Connection, local validator in this example

const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://localhost:8899");

const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");



// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Generate keypairs for fee payer

const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Fund fee payer

await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({

  recipientAddress: feePayer.address,

  lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),

  commitment: "confirmed"

});



// Generate keypair to use as address of mint

const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

const space = BigInt(getMintSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();



// Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)

// Invokes the system program

const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: mint,

  lamports: rent,

  space,

  programAddress: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize mint account data

// Invokes the token program

const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({

  mint: mint.address,

  decimals: 2,

  mintAuthority: feePayer.address

});



const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx) // Append instructions

);



// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and mint keypair)

const signedTransaction =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);



console.log("Mint Address:", mint.address);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature);



// Generate keypair to use as address of token account

const tokenAccount = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get token account size (in bytes)

const tokenAccountSpace = BigInt(getTokenSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const tokenAccountRent = await rpc

  .getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(tokenAccountSpace)

  .send();



// Instruction to create new account for token account (token program)

// Invokes the system program

const createTokenAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: tokenAccount,

  lamports: tokenAccountRent,

  space: tokenAccountSpace,

  programAddress: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize token account data

// Invokes the token program

const initializeTokenAccountInstruction = getInitializeAccount2Instruction({

  account: tokenAccount.address,

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address

});



const instructions2 = [

  createTokenAccountInstruction,

  initializeTokenAccountInstruction

];



// Create transaction message for token account creation

const tokenAccountMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions2, tx) // Append instructions

);



// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and token account keypair)

const signedTokenAccountTx =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(tokenAccountMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTokenAccountTx,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature2 = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTokenAccountTx);



console.log("Token Account Address:", tokenAccount.address);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature2);
Console
Click to execute the code.

Rust

use anyhow::Result;

use solana_client::nonblocking::rpc_client::RpcClient;

use solana_sdk::{

    commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,

    program_pack::Pack,

    signature::{Keypair, Signer},

    system_instruction::create_account,

    transaction::Transaction,

};

use spl_token::{

    id as token_program_id,

    instruction::{initialize_account, initialize_mint},

    state::{Account, Mint},

};



#[tokio::main]

async fn main() -> Result<()> {

    // Create connection to local validator

    let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(

        String::from("http://localhost:8899"),

        CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),

    );

    let latestBlockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash().await?;



    // Generate a new keypair for the fee payer

    let fee_payer = Keypair::new();



    // Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer

    let airdrop_signature = client

        .request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)

        .await?;

    client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;



    loop {

        let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;

        if confirmed {

            break;

        }

    }



    // Generate keypair to use as address of mint

    let mint = Keypair::new();



    // Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

    let mint_space = Mint::LEN;

    let mint_rent = client

        .get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)

        .await?;



    // Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)

    let create_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // payer

        &mint.pubkey(),           // new account (mint)

        mint_rent,                // lamports

        mint_space as u64,        // space

        &token_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize mint account data

    let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(

        &token_program_id(),

        &mint.pubkey(),            // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),       // mint authority

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority

        2,                         // decimals

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &mint],

        latestBlockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;



    println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    // Generate keypair to use as address of token account

    let token_account = Keypair::new();



    // Get token account size (in bytes)

    let token_account_space = Account::LEN;

    let token_account_rent = client

        .get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(token_account_space)

        .await?;



    // Instruction to create new account for token account (token program)

    let create_token_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),        // payer

        &token_account.pubkey(),    // new account (token account)

        token_account_rent,         // lamports

        token_account_space as u64, // space

        &token_program_id(),   // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize token account data

    let initialize_token_account_instruction = initialize_account(

        &token_program_id(),

        &token_account.pubkey(), // account

        &mint.pubkey(),          // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),     // owner

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[

            create_token_account_instruction,

            initialize_token_account_instruction,

        ],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &token_account],

        latestBlockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;



    println!("Token Account Address: {}", token_account.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    Ok(())

}
Console
Click to execute the code.

Come creare un associated token account

La creazione di un Associated Token Account (ATA) richiede l'istruzione Create. Vedi l'implementazione qui.

Questa singola istruzione gestisce automaticamente la creazione del token account e la sua inizializzazione attraverso Cross Program Invocation (CPI).

Typescript

import {

  airdropFactory,

  appendTransactionMessageInstructions,

  createSolanaRpc,

  createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,

  createTransactionMessage,

  generateKeyPairSigner,

  getSignatureFromTransaction,

  lamports,

  pipe,

  sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,

  setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,

  setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,

  signTransactionMessageWithSigners

} from "@solana/kit";

import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

import {

  getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync,

  getInitializeMintInstruction,

  getMintSize,

  TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS,

  findAssociatedTokenPda

} from "@solana-program/token";



// Create Connection, local validator in this example

const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://localhost:8899");

const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");



// Generate keypairs for fee payer

const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Fund fee payer

await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({

  recipientAddress: feePayer.address,

  lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),

  commitment: "confirmed"

});



// Generate keypair to use as address of mint

const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

const space = BigInt(getMintSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();



// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)

// Invokes the system program

const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: mint,

  lamports: rent,

  space,

  programAddress: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize mint account data

// Invokes the token program

const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({

  mint: mint.address,

  decimals: 2,

  mintAuthority: feePayer.address

});



const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx),

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx)

);



// Sign transaction message with all required signers

const signedTransaction =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);



console.log("Mint Address:", mint.address.toString());

console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature);



// Use findAssociatedTokenPda to derive the ATA address

const [associatedTokenAddress] = await findAssociatedTokenPda({

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address,

  tokenProgram: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



console.log(

  "Associated Token Account Address:",

  associatedTokenAddress.toString()

);



// Get a fresh blockhash for the second transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash2 } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Create instruction to create the associated token account

const createAtaInstruction = await getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync({

  payer: feePayer,

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address

});



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage2 = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash2, tx),

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions([createAtaInstruction], tx)

);



// Sign transaction message with all required signers

const signedTransaction2 =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage2);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction2,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature2 = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction2);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature2);
Console
Click to execute the code.

Rust

use anyhow::Result;

use solana_client::nonblocking::rpc_client::RpcClient;

use solana_sdk::{

    commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,

    program_pack::Pack,

    signature::{Keypair, Signer},

    system_instruction::create_account,

    transaction::Transaction,

};

use spl_associated_token_account::{

    get_associated_token_address_with_program_id, instruction::create_associated_token_account,

};

use spl_token::{id as token_program_id, instruction::initialize_mint, state::Mint};



#[tokio::main]

async fn main() -> Result<()> {

    // Create connection to local validator

    let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(

        String::from("http://localhost:8899"),

        CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),

    );

    let latestBlockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash().await?;



    // Generate a new keypair for the fee payer

    let fee_payer = Keypair::new();



    // Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer

    let airdrop_signature = client

        .request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)

        .await?;

    client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;



    loop {

        let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;

        if confirmed {

            break;

        }

    }



    // Generate keypair to use as address of mint

    let mint = Keypair::new();



    // Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

    let mint_space = Mint::LEN;

    let mint_rent = client

        .get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)

        .await?;



    // Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)

    let create_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // payer

        &mint.pubkey(),           // new account (mint)

        mint_rent,                // lamports

        mint_space as u64,        // space

        &token_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize mint account data

    let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(

        &token_program_id(),

        &mint.pubkey(),            // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),       // mint authority

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority

        2,                         // decimals

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &mint],

        latestBlockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;



    println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    // Get the latest blockhash for the next transaction

    let latestBlockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash().await?;



    // Derive the associated token account address for fee_payer

    let associated_token_account = get_associated_token_address_with_program_id(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // owner

        &mint.pubkey(),           // mint

        &token_program_id(), // program_id

    );



    // Instruction to create associated token account

    let create_ata_instruction = create_associated_token_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // funding address

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // wallet address (owner)

        &mint.pubkey(),           // mint address

        &token_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Create transaction for associated token account creation

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_ata_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer],

        latestBlockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;



    println!(

        "Associated Token Account Address: {}",

        associated_token_account.to_string()

    );

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    Ok(())

}
Console
Click to execute the code.

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