Creare un Token Account

Cos'è un Token Account?

Un token account è un tipo di account nei Token Programs di Solana che memorizza informazioni sulla proprietà di un individuo di uno specifico token (mint). Ogni token account è associato a un singolo mint e tiene traccia di dettagli come il saldo del token e il proprietario.

Token Account Type
/// Account data.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
pub struct Account {
/// The mint associated with this account
pub mint: Pubkey,
/// The owner of this account.
pub owner: Pubkey,
/// The amount of tokens this account holds.
pub amount: u64,
/// If `delegate` is `Some` then `delegated_amount` represents
/// the amount authorized by the delegate
pub delegate: COption<Pubkey>,
/// The account's state
pub state: AccountState,
/// If `is_native.is_some`, this is a native token, and the value logs the
/// rent-exempt reserve. An Account is required to be rent-exempt, so
/// the value is used by the Processor to ensure that wrapped SOL
/// accounts do not drop below this threshold.
pub is_native: COption<u64>,
/// The amount delegated
pub delegated_amount: u64,
/// Optional authority to close the account.
pub close_authority: COption<Pubkey>,
}

Nota che nel codice sorgente, gli sviluppatori chiamano un Token account un tipo Account. Sia il Token Program che il Token Extension Program condividono la stessa implementazione di base per il Token account.

Per detenere token di un mint specifico, gli utenti devono prima creare un token account. Ogni token account tiene traccia di:

  1. Un mint specifico (il tipo di token che il token account detiene)
  2. Un proprietario (l'autorità che può trasferire token dall'account)

Ecco un esempio che utilizza USD Coin (USDC) su Solana:

  • L'indirizzo del mint di USD Coin: EPjFWdd5AufqSSqeM2qN1xzybapC8G4wEGGkZwyTDt1v
  • Circle (l'emittente di USD Coin) ha un token account all'indirizzo 3emsAVdmGKERbHjmGfQ6oZ1e35dkf5iYcS6U4CPKFVaa
  • Questo token account detiene solo unità del token USD Coin (mint)
  • Circle ha l'autorità di proprietario all'indirizzo 7VHUFJHWu2CuExkJcJrzhQPJ2oygupTWkL2A2For4BmE e può trasferire questi token

Puoi visualizzare i dettagli di questo token account su Solana Explorer.

Il termine "proprietario" viene utilizzato in due contesti diversi:

  1. Il "proprietario" del token account - Questo è un indirizzo memorizzato nei dati del token account come campo "owner" del tipo Account definito dal Token Program. Il proprietario può trasferire, bruciare o delegare token dall'account. Questo indirizzo viene talvolta indicato come "autorità" del token account per distinguerlo dal proprietario del programma.

  2. Il "proprietario" del programma - Questo si riferisce al programma che possiede i dati dell'account su Solana. Per i token account, questo è sempre o il Token Program o il Token Extensions Program, come specificato nel campo "owner" del tipo base Solana Account.

Quando si lavora con i token account, "owner" si riferisce tipicamente all'autorità che può spendere i token, non al programma che possiede l'account.

Cos'è un Associated Token Account?

Un associated token account è un token account con un indirizzo che è un Program Derived Address (PDA) creato dall' Associated Token Program. Puoi pensare a un associated token account come al token account predefinito per un utente per detenere unità di un token specifico (mint).

Il termine "associated token accounts" si applica solo ai token account che l'Associated Token Program crea.

Gli associated token account forniscono un modo deterministico per trovare il token account di un utente per qualsiasi mint. Puoi esaminare l'implementazione della derivazione qui.

Associated Token Account Address Derivation
pub fn get_associated_token_address_and_bump_seed_internal(
wallet_address: &Pubkey,
token_mint_address: &Pubkey,
program_id: &Pubkey,
token_program_id: &Pubkey,
) -> (Pubkey, u8) {
Pubkey::find_program_address(
&[
&wallet_address.to_bytes(), // Owner's public key
&token_program_id.to_bytes(), // Token Program or Token Extension Program
&token_mint_address.to_bytes(), // Token mint address
],
program_id, // Associated Token Program ID
)
}

Questa derivazione deterministica assicura che per qualsiasi combinazione di indirizzo wallet e token mint, esista esattamente un indirizzo associated token account. Questo approccio rende semplice trovare il token account di un utente per qualsiasi token mint, eliminando la necessità di tracciare separatamente gli indirizzi dei token account.

L'Associated Token Program funziona come un programma di supporto che crea token account con indirizzi deterministici (PDA). Quando crea un associated token account, l'Associated Token Program effettua un CPI (Cross-Program Invocation) al Token Program o al Token Extensions Program. Il token program possiede l'account creato che ha la stessa struttura di tipo Account come definito nel token program. L'Associated Token Program non mantiene alcuno stato - offre semplicemente un modo standardizzato per creare token account a un indirizzo deterministico che è un PDA.

Come creare un token account

Per creare un token account, invoca l'istruzione InitializeAccount. Puoi trovare le implementazioni di questa istruzione qui.

La transazione per creare un token account richiede due istruzioni:

  1. Invocare il System Program per creare e allocare spazio per un token account e trasferire la proprietà al Token Program.
  2. Invocare il Token Program per inizializzare i dati del token account.

Typescript

import {
airdropFactory,
appendTransactionMessageInstructions,
createSolanaRpc,
createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,
createTransactionMessage,
generateKeyPairSigner,
getSignatureFromTransaction,
lamports,
pipe,
sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,
setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,
setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,
signTransactionMessageWithSigners
} from "@solana/kit";
import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";
import {
getInitializeAccount2Instruction,
getInitializeMintInstruction,
getMintSize,
getTokenSize,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS
} from "@solana-program/token-2022";
// Create Connection, local validator in this example
const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://127.0.0.1:8899");
const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");
// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction
const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();
// Generate keypairs for fee payer
const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();
// Fund fee payer
await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({
recipientAddress: feePayer.address,
lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),
commitment: "confirmed"
});
// Generate keypair to use as address of mint
const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();
// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled
const space = BigInt(getMintSize());
// Get minimum balance for rent exemption
const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();
// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)
// Invokes the system program
const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({
payer: feePayer,
newAccount: mint,
lamports: rent,
space,
programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS
});
// Instruction to initialize mint account data
// Invokes the token 2022 program
const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({
mint: mint.address,
decimals: 2,
mintAuthority: feePayer.address
});
const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];
// Create transaction message
const transactionMessage = pipe(
createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message
(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer
(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash
(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx) // Append instructions
);
// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and mint keypair)
const signedTransaction =
await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);
// Send and confirm transaction
await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(
signedTransaction,
{ commitment: "confirmed" }
);
// Get transaction signature
const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);
console.log("Mint Address: ", mint.address);
console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature);
// Generate keypair to use as address of token account
const tokenAccount = await generateKeyPairSigner();
// Get token account size (in bytes)
const tokenAccountSpace = BigInt(getTokenSize());
// Get minimum balance for rent exemption
const tokenAccountRent = await rpc
.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(tokenAccountSpace)
.send();
// Instruction to create new account for token account (token 2022 program)
// Invokes the system program
const createTokenAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({
payer: feePayer,
newAccount: tokenAccount,
lamports: tokenAccountRent,
space: tokenAccountSpace,
programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS
});
// Instruction to initialize token account data
// Invokes the token 2022 program
const initializeTokenAccountInstruction = getInitializeAccount2Instruction({
account: tokenAccount.address,
mint: mint.address,
owner: feePayer.address
});
const instructions2 = [
createTokenAccountInstruction,
initializeTokenAccountInstruction
];
// Create transaction message for token account creation
const tokenAccountMessage = pipe(
createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message
(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer
(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash
(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions2, tx) // Append instructions
);
// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and token account keypair)
const signedTokenAccountTx =
await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(tokenAccountMessage);
// Send and confirm transaction
await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(
signedTokenAccountTx,
{ commitment: "confirmed" }
);
// Get transaction signature
const tokenAccountTxSignature =
getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTokenAccountTx);
console.log("Token Account Address:", tokenAccount.address);
console.log("Transaction Signature:", tokenAccountTxSignature);
Click to execute the code.

Rust

use anyhow::Result;
use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
use solana_sdk::{
commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,
program_pack::Pack,
signature::{Keypair, Signer},
system_instruction::create_account,
transaction::Transaction,
};
use spl_token_2022::{
id as token_2022_program_id,
instruction::{initialize_account, initialize_mint},
state::{Account, Mint},
};
fn main() -> Result<()> {
// Create connection to local validator
let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(
String::from("http://127.0.0.1:8899"),
CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),
);
let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;
// Generate a new keypair for the fee payer
let fee_payer = Keypair::new();
// Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer
let airdrop_signature = client.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)?;
client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;
loop {
let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;
if confirmed {
break;
}
}
// Generate keypair to use as address of mint
let mint = Keypair::new();
// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled
let mint_space = Mint::LEN;
let mint_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)?;
// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)
let create_account_instruction = create_account(
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // payer
&mint.pubkey(), // new account (mint)
mint_rent, // lamports
mint_space as u64, // space
&token_2022_program_id(), // program id
);
// Instruction to initialize mint account data
let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(
&token_2022_program_id(),
&mint.pubkey(), // mint
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // mint authority
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority
2, // decimals
)?;
// Create transaction and add instructions
let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
&[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),
&[&fee_payer, &mint],
recent_blockhash,
);
// Send and confirm transaction
let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;
println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());
println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);
// Generate keypair to use as address of token account
let token_account = Keypair::new();
// Get token account size (in bytes)
let token_account_space = Account::LEN;
let token_account_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(token_account_space)?;
// Instruction to create new account for token account (token 2022 program)
let create_token_account_instruction = create_account(
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // payer
&token_account.pubkey(), // new account (token account)
token_account_rent, // lamports
token_account_space as u64, // space
&token_2022_program_id(), // program id
);
// Instruction to initialize token account data
let initialize_token_account_instruction = initialize_account(
&token_2022_program_id(),
&token_account.pubkey(), // account
&mint.pubkey(), // mint
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // owner
)?;
// Create transaction and add instructions
let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
&[
create_token_account_instruction,
initialize_token_account_instruction,
],
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),
&[&fee_payer, &token_account],
recent_blockhash,
);
// Send and confirm transaction
let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;
println!("Token Account Address: {}", token_account.pubkey());
println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);
Ok(())
}
Click to execute the code.

Come creare un associated token account

Per creare un associated token account, invoca l'istruzione Create. Puoi trovare le implementazioni di questa istruzione qui.

L'istruzione per creare un associated token account invoca automaticamente il System Program per creare il token account e invoca il Token Program per inizializzare i dati del token account. Questo avviene attraverso Cross Program Invocations (CPI).

Typescript

import {
airdropFactory,
appendTransactionMessageInstructions,
createSolanaRpc,
createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,
createTransactionMessage,
generateKeyPairSigner,
getSignatureFromTransaction,
lamports,
pipe,
sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,
setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,
setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,
signTransactionMessageWithSigners
} from "@solana/kit";
import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";
import {
getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync,
getInitializeMintInstruction,
getMintSize,
TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS,
findAssociatedTokenPda
} from "@solana-program/token-2022";
// Create Connection, local validator in this example
const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://127.0.0.1:8899");
const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");
// Generate keypairs for fee payer
const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();
// Fund fee payer
await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({
recipientAddress: feePayer.address,
lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),
commitment: "confirmed"
});
// Generate keypair to use as address of mint
const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();
// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled
const space = BigInt(getMintSize());
// Get minimum balance for rent exemption
const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();
// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction
const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();
// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)
// Invokes the system program
const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({
payer: feePayer,
newAccount: mint,
lamports: rent,
space,
programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS
});
// Instruction to initialize mint account data
// Invokes the token 2022 program
const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({
mint: mint.address,
decimals: 2,
mintAuthority: feePayer.address
});
const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];
// Create transaction message
const transactionMessage = pipe(
createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),
(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),
(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx),
(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx)
);
// Sign transaction message with all required signers
const signedTransaction =
await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);
// Send and confirm transaction
await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(
signedTransaction,
{ commitment: "confirmed" }
);
// Get transaction signature
const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);
console.log("Mint Address: ", mint.address.toString());
console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature);
// Use findAssociatedTokenPda to derive the ATA address
const [associatedTokenAddress] = await findAssociatedTokenPda({
mint: mint.address,
owner: feePayer.address,
tokenProgram: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS
});
console.log(
"Associated Token Account Address: ",
associatedTokenAddress.toString()
);
// Get a fresh blockhash for the second transaction
const { value: latestBlockhash2 } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();
// Create instruction to create the associated token account
const createAtaInstruction = await getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync({
payer: feePayer,
mint: mint.address,
owner: feePayer.address
});
// Create transaction message
const transactionMessage2 = pipe(
createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),
(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),
(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash2, tx),
(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions([createAtaInstruction], tx)
);
// Sign transaction message with all required signers
const signedTransaction2 =
await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage2);
// Send and confirm transaction
await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(
signedTransaction2,
{ commitment: "confirmed" }
);
// Get transaction signature
const transactionSignature2 = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction2);
console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature2);

Rust

use anyhow::Result;
use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;
use solana_sdk::{
commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,
program_pack::Pack,
signature::{Keypair, Signer},
system_instruction::create_account,
transaction::Transaction,
};
use spl_associated_token_account::{
get_associated_token_address_with_program_id, instruction::create_associated_token_account,
};
use spl_token_2022::{id as token_2022_program_id, instruction::initialize_mint, state::Mint};
fn main() -> Result<()> {
// Create connection to local validator
let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(
String::from("http://127.0.0.1:8899"),
CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),
);
let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;
// Generate a new keypair for the fee payer
let fee_payer = Keypair::new();
// Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer
let airdrop_signature = client.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)?;
client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;
loop {
let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;
if confirmed {
break;
}
}
// Generate keypair to use as address of mint
let mint = Keypair::new();
// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled
let mint_space = Mint::LEN;
let mint_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)?;
// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)
let create_account_instruction = create_account(
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // payer
&mint.pubkey(), // new account (mint)
mint_rent, // lamports
mint_space as u64, // space
&token_2022_program_id(), // program id
);
// Instruction to initialize mint account data
let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(
&token_2022_program_id(),
&mint.pubkey(), // mint
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // mint authority
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority
2, // decimals
)?;
// Create transaction and add instructions
let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
&[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),
&[&fee_payer, &mint],
recent_blockhash,
);
// Send and confirm transaction
let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;
println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());
println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);
// Get the latest blockhash for the next transaction
let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;
// Derive the associated token account address for fee_payer
let associated_token_account = get_associated_token_address_with_program_id(
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // owner
&mint.pubkey(), // mint
&token_2022_program_id(), // program_id
);
// Instruction to create associated token account
let create_ata_instruction = create_associated_token_account(
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // funding address
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // wallet address
&mint.pubkey(), // mint address
&token_2022_program_id(), // program id
);
// Create transaction and add instruction
let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
&[create_ata_instruction],
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),
&[&fee_payer],
recent_blockhash,
);
// Send and confirm transaction
let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;
println!(
"Associated Token Account Address: {}",
associated_token_account
);
println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);
Ok(())
}

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