Mollusk

Mollusk는 Solana 프로그램 테스트를 위한 경량 테스트 하네스입니다. 최소화된 Solana Virtual Machine(SVM) 환경에서 Solana 프로그램 명령어를 테스트하기 위한 간단한 인터페이스를 제공합니다. 모든 테스트 계정은 명시적으로 정의되어야 하며, 이를 통해 결정론적이고 반복 가능한 테스트를 보장합니다.

설치

Cargo.toml에 mollusk-svm를 의존성으로 추가합니다:

Terminal

$ cargo add mollusk-svm --dev

Cargo.toml

[dev-dependencies]
mollusk-svm = "0.7"

컴퓨트 유닛 사용량을 벤치마크하려면 Cargo.toml에 mollusk-svm-bencher를 의존성으로 추가합니다:

Terminal

$ cargo add mollusk-svm-bencher --dev

Cargo.toml

[dev-dependencies]
mollusk-svm-bencher = "0.7"

Mollusk를 사용한 테스트를 위해 Token Program, Token2022 Program(Token Extensions) 및 Associated Token Program을 사용하려면 Cargo.toml에 mollusk-svm-programs-token를 의존성으로 추가합니다:

Terminal

$ cargo add mollusk-svm-programs-token --dev

Cargo.toml

[dev-dependencies]
mollusk-svm-programs-token = "0.7"

Mollusk SVM

다음 예제는 Mollusk를 사용하여 기본 Solana 프로그램을 테스트하기 위한 최소 설정을 보여줍니다.

Hello World 프로그램

이 예제는 Mollusk를 사용하여 기본 Solana 프로그램을 테스트하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 이 프로그램은 호출될 때 프로그램 로그에 "Hello, world!"를 출력합니다.

cargo build-sbf를 실행하면 컴파일된 프로그램이 /target/deploy/<program_name>.so에 생성됩니다.

src/lib.rs

use solana_program::{
    account_info::AccountInfo, entrypoint, entrypoint::ProgramResult, msg, pubkey::Pubkey,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

pub fn process_instruction(
    _program_id: &Pubkey,
    _accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    msg!("Hello, world!");
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk};
    use solana_sdk::{instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey};

    #[test]
    fn test_hello_world() {
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/hello_world");

        let instruction = Instruction::new_with_bytes(program_id, &[], vec![]);

        mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &[], &[Check::success()]);
    }
}

Mollusk로 Solana 프로그램을 테스트하려면:

Mollusk 인스턴스 생성 - 프로그램 ID와 컴파일된 프로그램(.so 파일)의 경로로 Mollusk를 초기화합니다
명령어 빌드 - 프로그램을 호출할 명령어를 생성합니다
처리 및 검증 - Mollusk를 사용하여 명령어를 처리하고 결과를 검증합니다

src/lib.rs

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk};
    use solana_sdk::{instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey};

    #[test]
    fn test_hello_world() {
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/hello_world");

        let instruction = Instruction::new_with_bytes(program_id, &[], vec![]);

        mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &[], &[Check::success()]);
    }
}

테스트를 실행하려면 cargo test를 실행하세요.

테스트가 성공적으로 실행되면 다음과 유사한 출력이 표시됩니다:

Terminal

running 1 test
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.427685000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs invoke [1]
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429669000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program log: Hello, world!
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429690000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs consumed 211 of 1400000 compute units
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429726000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs success
test tests::test_hello_world ... ok

test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.02s

   Doc-tests hello_world

Hello World 프로그램

cargo build-sbf를 실행하면 컴파일된 프로그램이 /target/deploy/<program_name>.so에 생성됩니다.

Mollusk로 Solana 프로그램을 테스트하려면:

Mollusk 인스턴스 생성 - 프로그램 ID와 컴파일된 프로그램(.so 파일)의 경로로 Mollusk를 초기화합니다
명령어 빌드 - 프로그램을 호출할 명령어를 생성합니다
처리 및 검증 - Mollusk를 사용하여 명령어를 처리하고 결과를 검증합니다

src/lib.rs

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk};
    use solana_sdk::{instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey};

    #[test]
    fn test_hello_world() {
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/hello_world");

        let instruction = Instruction::new_with_bytes(program_id, &[], vec![]);

        mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &[], &[Check::success()]);
    }
}

테스트를 실행하려면 cargo test를 실행하세요.

테스트가 성공적으로 실행되면 다음과 유사한 출력이 표시됩니다:

Terminal

running 1 test
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.427685000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs invoke [1]
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429669000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program log: Hello, world!
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429690000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs consumed 211 of 1400000 compute units
[2025-09-22T19:25:50.429726000Z DEBUG solana_runtime::message_processor::stable_log] Program 11157t3sqMV725NVRLrVQbAu98Jjfk1uCKehJnXXQs success
test tests::test_hello_world ... ok

test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.02s

   Doc-tests hello_world

lib.rs

hello_world.so

Cargo.toml

use solana_program::{
    account_info::AccountInfo, entrypoint, entrypoint::ProgramResult, msg, pubkey::Pubkey,
};

entrypoint!(process_instruction);

pub fn process_instruction(
    _program_id: &Pubkey,
    _accounts: &[AccountInfo],
    _instruction_data: &[u8],
) -> ProgramResult {
    msg!("Hello, world!");
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk};
    use solana_sdk::{instruction::Instruction, pubkey::Pubkey};

    #[test]
    fn test_hello_world() {
        let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
        let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/hello_world");

        let instruction = Instruction::new_with_bytes(program_id, &[], vec![]);

        mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &[], &[Check::success()]);
    }
}

Mollusk 구조체는 Solana 프로그램 테스트를 위한 간단한 인터페이스를 제공합니다. 모든 필드는 몇 가지 헬퍼 메서드를 통해 조작할 수 있지만, 사용자가 더 많은 제어를 원하는 경우 직접 액세스하고 수정할 수도 있습니다.

기본 인스턴스로 Mollusk를 초기화하려면 Mollusk::default 메서드를 사용하세요.

Example

// Default instance with no custom programs
let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

특정 프로그램으로 Mollusk를 초기화하려면 Mollusk::new 메서드를 사용하세요.

Example

// Initialize Mollusk with a specific program from a file path
let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();
let mollusk = Mollusk::new(&program_id, "target/deploy/my_program");

Mollusk에 프로그램을 추가하려면 Mollusk::add_program 메서드를 사용하세요.

Example

let mollusk = Mollusk::default();
let program_id = Pubkey::new_unique();

// Add a program to Mollusk
mollusk.add_program(
    &program_id,
    "target/deploy/my_program",
    &bpf_loader_upgradeable::id(),
);

파일 경로를 제공할 때 .so 확장자를 포함하지 마세요. 예를 들어, "path/to/my_program"는 올바르지만 "path/to/my_program.so"는 올바르지 않습니다.

명령어 처리

Mollusk는 명령어 처리를 위한 네 가지 주요 메서드를 제공합니다:

메서드	설명
`process_instruction`	명령어를 처리하고 결과를 반환합니다.
`process_and_validate_instruction`	명령어를 처리하고 결과에 대해 일련의 검사를 수행하며, 검사가 실패하면 패닉을 발생시킵니다.
`process_instruction_chain`	여러 명령어를 처리하고 결과를 반환합니다.
`process_and_validate_instruction_chain`	여러 명령어를 처리하고 각 결과에 대해 일련의 검사를 수행하며, 검사가 실패하면 패닉을 발생시킵니다.

InstructionResult에는 처리된 명령어의 세부 정보가 포함되어 있습니다.

단일 명령어

process_instruction 메서드를 사용하여 결과에 대한 검사 없이 단일 명령어를 처리합니다. 처리 후 수동으로 결과를 검증할 수 있습니다.

Method Signature

pub fn process_instruction(
    &self,
    instruction: &Instruction,
    accounts: &[(Pubkey, Account)],
) -> InstructionResult

다음 예제는 검증 확인 없이 SOL 전송 명령어를 처리합니다.

아래 예제는 데모 목적으로 main 함수에서 Mollusk를 실행합니다. 실제로는 일반적으로 #[test] 속성으로 주석 처리된 테스트 모듈에서 Mollusk를 사용합니다.

Single Instruction

use mollusk_svm::Mollusk;
use solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey};
use solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Set up accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;
    let transfer_amount = 250_000;

    // Create transfer instruction
    let instruction = transfer(&sender, &recipient, transfer_amount);

    // Define initial account states
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            recipient,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Process the instruction
    let result = mollusk.process_instruction(&instruction, &accounts);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Check the result
    assert!(result.program_result.is_ok());
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&sender).unwrap().lamports, 750_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&recipient).unwrap().lamports, 250_000);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Single Instruction

use mollusk_svm::Mollusk;
use solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey};
use solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Set up accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;
    let transfer_amount = 250_000;

    // Create transfer instruction
    let instruction = transfer(&sender, &recipient, transfer_amount);

    // Define initial account states
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            recipient,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Process the instruction
    let result = mollusk.process_instruction(&instruction, &accounts);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Check the result
    assert!(result.program_result.is_ok());
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&sender).unwrap().lamports, 750_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&recipient).unwrap().lamports, 250_000);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

검사가 포함된 단일 명령어

process_and_validate_instruction 메서드를 사용하여 검증 확인과 함께 단일 명령어를 처리합니다. 이 메서드는 검사가 실패하면 패닉을 발생시킵니다.

Method Signature

pub fn process_and_validate_instruction(
    &self,
    instruction: &Instruction,
    accounts: &[(Pubkey, Account)],
    checks: &[Check],
) -> InstructionResult

다음 예제는 검증 확인과 함께 SOL 전송 명령어를 처리합니다.

With Validation

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;
    let transfer_amount = 250_000;

    let instruction = transfer(&sender, &recipient, transfer_amount);

    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            recipient,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Define validation checks
    let checks = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&sender).lamports(750_000).build(),
        Check::account(&recipient).lamports(250_000).build(),
    ];

    // Process and validate (will panic if any check fails)
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &accounts, &checks);
    println!("{:#?}", result);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

With Validation

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;
    let transfer_amount = 250_000;

    let instruction = transfer(&sender, &recipient, transfer_amount);

    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            recipient,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Define validation checks
    let checks = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&sender).lamports(750_000).build(),
        Check::account(&recipient).lamports(250_000).build(),
    ];

    // Process and validate (will panic if any check fails)
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &accounts, &checks);
    println!("{:#?}", result);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

다중 명령어

process_instruction_chain 메서드를 사용하여 검증 확인 없이 여러 명령어를 순차적으로 처리합니다.

Method Signature

pub fn process_instruction_chain(
    &self,
    instructions: &[Instruction],
    accounts: &[(Pubkey, Account)],
) -> InstructionResult

다음 예제는 검증 확인 없이 두 개의 SOL 전송 명령어를 처리합니다.

Multiple Instructions

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Set up accounts
    let alice = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let bob = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let charlie = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;

    // Create chain of transfers
    let instructions = vec![
        transfer(&alice, &bob, 300_000),   // Alice -> Bob
        transfer(&bob, &charlie, 100_000), // Bob -> Charlie
    ];

    let accounts = vec![
        (
            alice,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            bob,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            charlie,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Process the instruction chain
    let result = mollusk.process_instruction_chain(&instructions, &accounts);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Final balances: Alice=700K, Bob=200K, Charlie=100K
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&alice).unwrap().lamports, 700_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&bob).unwrap().lamports, 200_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&charlie).unwrap().lamports, 100_000);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Multiple Instructions

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Set up accounts
    let alice = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let bob = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let charlie = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;

    // Create chain of transfers
    let instructions = vec![
        transfer(&alice, &bob, 300_000),   // Alice -> Bob
        transfer(&bob, &charlie, 100_000), // Bob -> Charlie
    ];

    let accounts = vec![
        (
            alice,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            bob,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            charlie,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Process the instruction chain
    let result = mollusk.process_instruction_chain(&instructions, &accounts);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Final balances: Alice=700K, Bob=200K, Charlie=100K
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&alice).unwrap().lamports, 700_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&bob).unwrap().lamports, 200_000);
    assert_eq!(result.get_account(&charlie).unwrap().lamports, 100_000);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

검사가 포함된 다중 명령어

process_and_validate_instruction_chain 메서드를 사용하여 각 명령어 후 검증 검사와 함께 여러 명령어를 처리합니다. 각 명령어에는 통과해야 하는 자체 검사 세트가 있습니다.

Method Signature

pub fn process_and_validate_instruction_chain(
    &self,
    instructions: &[(&Instruction, &[Check])],
    accounts: &[(Pubkey, Account)],
) -> InstructionResult

다음 예제는 각 명령어 후 검증 검사와 함께 두 개의 SOL 전송 명령어 체인을 처리합니다.

With Validation

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create accounts
    let alice = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let bob = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let charlie = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;

    // Create transfer instructions
    let transfer1 = transfer(&alice, &bob, 300_000);
    let transfer2 = transfer(&bob, &charlie, 100_000);

    // Initial accounts
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            alice,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            bob,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            charlie,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Define checks for each instruction
    let checks_after_transfer1 = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&alice)
            .lamports(700_000) // 1M - 300K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&bob)
            .lamports(300_000) // 0 + 300K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&charlie)
            .lamports(0) // Unchanged
            .build(),
    ];

    let checks_after_transfer2 = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&alice)
            .lamports(700_000) // Unchanged from previous
            .build(),
        Check::account(&bob)
            .lamports(200_000) // 300K - 100K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&charlie)
            .lamports(100_000) // 0 + 100K
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process with validation at each step
    let instruction_and_checks = [
        (&transfer1, checks_after_transfer1.as_slice()),
        (&transfer2, checks_after_transfer2.as_slice()),
    ];

    // Execute chain (panics if any check fails)
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction_chain(&instruction_and_checks, &accounts);

    println!("{:#?}", result);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

With Validation

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create accounts
    let alice = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let bob = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let charlie = Pubkey::new_unique();

    let initial_lamports = 1_000_000;

    // Create transfer instructions
    let transfer1 = transfer(&alice, &bob, 300_000);
    let transfer2 = transfer(&bob, &charlie, 100_000);

    // Initial accounts
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            alice,
            Account {
                lamports: initial_lamports,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            bob,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            charlie,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Define checks for each instruction
    let checks_after_transfer1 = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&alice)
            .lamports(700_000) // 1M - 300K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&bob)
            .lamports(300_000) // 0 + 300K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&charlie)
            .lamports(0) // Unchanged
            .build(),
    ];

    let checks_after_transfer2 = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&alice)
            .lamports(700_000) // Unchanged from previous
            .build(),
        Check::account(&bob)
            .lamports(200_000) // 300K - 100K
            .build(),
        Check::account(&charlie)
            .lamports(100_000) // 0 + 100K
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process with validation at each step
    let instruction_and_checks = [
        (&transfer1, checks_after_transfer1.as_slice()),
        (&transfer2, checks_after_transfer2.as_slice()),
    ];

    // Execute chain (panics if any check fails)
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction_chain(&instruction_and_checks, &accounts);

    println!("{:#?}", result);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

검증 검사

Mollusk는 처리된 명령어의 결과를 확인하기 위한 헬퍼 메서드 세트를 제공합니다.

Example

use mollusk_svm::result::Check;

명령어 결과를 검증하려면 다음 메서드를 사용하세요:

Example

// Program execution succeeded
Check::success()

// Program returned specific error
Check::err(ProgramError::InvalidArgument)

// Instruction level error
Check::instruction_err(InstructionError::InsufficientFunds)

// Check with specific program result
Check::program_result(ProgramResult::Success)

// Compute units consumed
Check::compute_units(1000)

// Execution time
Check::time(100)

// Return data from instruction execution
Check::return_data(&[1, 2, 3, 4])

계정 상태를 검증하려면 다음을 사용하세요:

Example

// Single account validation
Check::account(&pubkey)
    .lamports(1_000_000)           // Exact lamports
    .owner(&program_id)            // Account owner
    .data(&expected_data)          // Exact data match
    .data_slice(8, &[1, 2, 3])     // Partial data match at offset
    .executable(false)             // Executable flag
    .space(100)                    // Account data size
    .closed()                      // Account is closed (0 lamports)
    .rent_exempt()                 // Account is rent-exempt
    .build()

// Check all accounts are rent exempt
Check::all_rent_exempt()

영구 계정 상태

MolluskContext는 Mollusk를 감싸는 래퍼로, account_store를 통해 여러 명령어 호출에 걸쳐 계정 상태를 유지합니다. 명령어 처리를 위한 메서드는 Mollusk와 동일합니다.

각 메서드에 accounts를 전달해야 하는 Mollusk(예: process_instruction)와 달리, MolluskContext는 account_store를 통해 계정을 내부적으로 관리합니다. 이를 통해 명령어 처리 시 accounts 매개변수가 필요하지 않습니다.

with_context 메서드를 사용하여 account_store를 생성합니다:

Example

use std::collections::HashMap;
use solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey};
use solana_system_interface::program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID;
use mollusk_svm::Mollusk;

let mollusk = Mollusk::default();
let account_address = Pubkey::new_unique();

let mut account_store = HashMap::new();
account_store.insert(
    account_address,
    Account {
        lamports: 1_000_000,
        data: vec![],
        owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
        executable: false,
        rent_epoch: 0,
    },
);

let context = mollusk.with_context(account_store);

다음 예제는 account_store를 통해 명령어 간 영구 계정 상태를 유지하면서 두 개의 별도 SOL 전송 명령어를 처리합니다.

Stateful Testing

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
    std::collections::HashMap,
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Create account store with initial balances
    let mut account_store = HashMap::new();
    account_store.insert(
        sender,
        Account {
            lamports: 1_000_000,
            data: vec![],
            owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
            executable: false,
            rent_epoch: 0,
        },
    );
    account_store.insert(
        recipient,
        Account {
            lamports: 0,
            data: vec![],
            owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
            executable: false,
            rent_epoch: 0,
        },
    );

    // Create a stateful context
    let context = mollusk.with_context(account_store);

    // First transfer: 200,000 lamports
    let instruction1 = transfer(&sender, &recipient, 200_000);
    context.process_instruction(&instruction1);

    // Second transfer: 100,000 lamports (state persists from first transfer)
    let instruction2 = transfer(&sender, &recipient, 100_000);
    context.process_instruction(&instruction2);

    // Check final balances
    let store = context.account_store.borrow();
    let sender_account = store.get(&sender).unwrap();
    let recipient_account = store.get(&recipient).unwrap();
    println!("Sender: {:#?}", sender_account);
    println!("Recipient: {:#?}", recipient_account);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Stateful Testing

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
    std::collections::HashMap,
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Create account store with initial balances
    let mut account_store = HashMap::new();
    account_store.insert(
        sender,
        Account {
            lamports: 1_000_000,
            data: vec![],
            owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
            executable: false,
            rent_epoch: 0,
        },
    );
    account_store.insert(
        recipient,
        Account {
            lamports: 0,
            data: vec![],
            owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
            executable: false,
            rent_epoch: 0,
        },
    );

    // Create a stateful context
    let context = mollusk.with_context(account_store);

    // First transfer: 200,000 lamports
    let instruction1 = transfer(&sender, &recipient, 200_000);
    context.process_instruction(&instruction1);

    // Second transfer: 100,000 lamports (state persists from first transfer)
    let instruction2 = transfer(&sender, &recipient, 100_000);
    context.process_instruction(&instruction2);

    // Check final balances
    let store = context.account_store.borrow();
    let sender_account = store.get(&sender).unwrap();
    let recipient_account = store.get(&recipient).unwrap();
    println!("Sender: {:#?}", sender_account);
    println!("Recipient: {:#?}", recipient_account);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Mollusk Sysvars

Mollusk는 테스트를 위해 값을 수정할 수 있는 커스텀 Sysvars 구조체를 제공합니다.

warp_to_slot 메서드를 사용하여 sysvar 클록을 업데이트하고 특정 슬롯으로 시간을 앞뒤로 이동하는 것을 시뮬레이션합니다.

Warp to Slot

use mollusk_svm::Mollusk;

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Show initial slot
    println!("Initial slot: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);

    // Warp to slot 1000
    mollusk.warp_to_slot(100);
    println!("After warp: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);

    // Warp to slot 10
    mollusk.warp_to_slot(10);
    println!("After second warp: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Warp to Slot

use mollusk_svm::Mollusk;

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Show initial slot
    println!("Initial slot: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);

    // Warp to slot 1000
    mollusk.warp_to_slot(100);
    println!("After warp: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);

    // Warp to slot 10
    mollusk.warp_to_slot(10);
    println!("After second warp: {}", mollusk.sysvars.clock.slot);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

다음 예제는 sysvars 필드에 직접 접근하여 Mollusk sysvar를 수정하고 rent 매개변수를 변경하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 동일한 방식으로 다른 sysvar 값도 수정할 수 있습니다.

Modify Sysvars

use {mollusk_svm::Mollusk, solana_sdk::rent::Rent};

fn main() {
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Show default rent
    println!(
        "Default rent exemption for 1000 bytes: {} lamports",
        mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(1000)
    );

    // Customize rent parameters
    mollusk.sysvars.rent = Rent {
        lamports_per_byte_year: 1,
        exemption_threshold: 1.0,
        burn_percent: 0,
    };

    // Show custom rent
    println!(
        "Custom rent exemption for 1000 bytes: {} lamports",
        mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(1000)
    );
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Modify Sysvars

use {mollusk_svm::Mollusk, solana_sdk::rent::Rent};

fn main() {
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Show default rent
    println!(
        "Default rent exemption for 1000 bytes: {} lamports",
        mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(1000)
    );

    // Customize rent parameters
    mollusk.sysvars.rent = Rent {
        lamports_per_byte_year: 1,
        exemption_threshold: 1.0,
        burn_percent: 0,
    };

    // Show custom rent
    println!(
        "Custom rent exemption for 1000 bytes: {} lamports",
        mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(1000)
    );
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

컴퓨트 유닛 벤치마킹

MolluskComputeUnitBencher는 프로그램 명령어의 컴퓨트 유닛 사용량을 추적합니다. 결과는 마크다운 파일로 작성됩니다.

의존성으로 mollusk-svm-bencher가 필요합니다.

다음 예제는 SOL 전송 명령어의 컴퓨트 유닛 사용량을 벤치마킹합니다.

Benchmark Compute Units

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    mollusk_svm_bencher::MolluskComputeUnitBencher,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, pubkey::Pubkey},
    solana_system_interface::{instruction::transfer, program::ID as SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID},
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk
    let mollusk = Mollusk::default();

    // Create test accounts
    let sender = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let receiver = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Transfer instruction
    let transfer = transfer(&sender, &receiver, 100_000);
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            sender,
            Account {
                lamports: 1_000_000,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            receiver,
            Account {
                lamports: 0,
                data: vec![],
                owner: SYSTEM_PROGRAM_ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Run benchmark
    MolluskComputeUnitBencher::new(mollusk)
        .bench(("transfer", &transfer, &accounts))
        .must_pass(true)
        .out_dir("./target/benches")
        .execute();
}

벤치마크 결과는 지정된 out_dir에 compute_units.md라는 이름의 마크다운 파일로 작성됩니다.

comput_units.md

#### 2025-09-19 22:28:53.691839 UTC

Solana CLI Version: solana-cli 2.2.20 (src:dabc99a5; feat:3073396398,
client:Agave)

| Name     | CUs | Delta   |
| -------- | --- | ------- |
| transfer | 150 | - new - |

Token Program 테스트

mollusk-svm-programs-token 크레이트를 사용하여 테스트를 위해 Token Program, Token2022 Program(Token Extensions) 및 Associated Token Program을 Mollusk에 추가합니다.

Example

use {
    mollusk_svm::Mollusk,
    mollusk_svm_programs_token::{associated_token, token, token2022},
};

let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();

// Add SPL Token Program
token::add_program(&mut mollusk);
// Add SPL Token-2022 Program
token2022::add_program(&mut mollusk);
// Add Associated Token Account Program
associated_token::add_program(&mut mollusk);

다음 예제는 Mollusk를 사용한 토큰 전송 테스트를 보여줍니다.

아래 예제는 시연 목적으로 테스트 계정을 수동으로 정의합니다. mollusk-svm-programs-token에는 민트 및 토큰 계정을 생성하는 헬퍼 함수도 포함되어 있습니다.

Token Transfer Example

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    mollusk_svm_programs_token::token,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, program_pack::Pack, pubkey::Pubkey},
    spl_token_interface::{
        instruction::transfer_checked,
        state::{Account as TokenAccount, AccountState, Mint},
    },
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk with Token program
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();
    token::add_program(&mut mollusk);

    // Create account keys
    let mint = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let source = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let destination = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let authority = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Token configuration
    let decimals = 6;
    let transfer_amount = 1_000_000; // 1 token with 6 decimals
    let initial_balance = 10_000_000; // 10 tokens

    // Calculate rent-exempt minimums
    let mint_rent = mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(Mint::LEN);
    let account_rent = mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(TokenAccount::LEN);

    // Create mint account
    let mut mint_data = vec![0u8; Mint::LEN];
    Mint::pack(
        Mint {
            mint_authority: Some(authority).into(),
            supply: initial_balance,
            decimals,
            is_initialized: true,
            freeze_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut mint_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Create source token account
    let mut source_data = vec![0u8; TokenAccount::LEN];
    TokenAccount::pack(
        TokenAccount {
            mint,
            owner: authority,
            amount: initial_balance,
            delegate: None.into(),
            state: AccountState::Initialized,
            is_native: None.into(),
            delegated_amount: 0,
            close_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut source_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Create destination token account
    let mut destination_data = vec![0u8; TokenAccount::LEN];
    TokenAccount::pack(
        TokenAccount {
            mint,
            owner: Pubkey::new_unique(),
            amount: 0,
            delegate: None.into(),
            state: AccountState::Initialized,
            is_native: None.into(),
            delegated_amount: 0,
            close_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut destination_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Setup accounts for transfer_checked
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            source,
            Account {
                lamports: account_rent,
                data: source_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            mint,
            Account {
                lamports: mint_rent,
                data: mint_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            destination,
            Account {
                lamports: account_rent,
                data: destination_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            authority,
            Account {
                lamports: 1_000_000,
                data: vec![],
                owner: Pubkey::default(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Create transfer_checked instruction
    let instruction = transfer_checked(
        &token::ID,
        &source,
        &mint,
        &destination,
        &authority,
        &[],
        transfer_amount,
        decimals,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Expected balances after transfer
    let expected_source_balance = (initial_balance - transfer_amount).to_le_bytes();
    let expected_dest_balance = transfer_amount.to_le_bytes();

    // Define validation checks
    let checks = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&source)
            .data_slice(64, &expected_source_balance) // Token amount is at offset 64
            .build(),
        Check::account(&destination)
            .data_slice(64, &expected_dest_balance)
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process and validate the instruction
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &accounts, &checks);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Deserialize token account data
    let source_account = result.get_account(&source).unwrap();
    let source_token = TokenAccount::unpack(&source_account.data).unwrap();
    println!("Source Token Account: {:#?}", source_token);

    let destination_account = result.get_account(&destination).unwrap();
    let dest_token = TokenAccount::unpack(&destination_account.data).unwrap();
    println!("Destination Token Account: {:#?}", dest_token);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Token Transfer Example

use {
    mollusk_svm::{result::Check, Mollusk},
    mollusk_svm_programs_token::token,
    solana_sdk::{account::Account, program_pack::Pack, pubkey::Pubkey},
    spl_token_interface::{
        instruction::transfer_checked,
        state::{Account as TokenAccount, AccountState, Mint},
    },
};

fn main() {
    // Initialize Mollusk with Token program
    let mut mollusk = Mollusk::default();
    token::add_program(&mut mollusk);

    // Create account keys
    let mint = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let source = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let destination = Pubkey::new_unique();
    let authority = Pubkey::new_unique();

    // Token configuration
    let decimals = 6;
    let transfer_amount = 1_000_000; // 1 token with 6 decimals
    let initial_balance = 10_000_000; // 10 tokens

    // Calculate rent-exempt minimums
    let mint_rent = mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(Mint::LEN);
    let account_rent = mollusk.sysvars.rent.minimum_balance(TokenAccount::LEN);

    // Create mint account
    let mut mint_data = vec![0u8; Mint::LEN];
    Mint::pack(
        Mint {
            mint_authority: Some(authority).into(),
            supply: initial_balance,
            decimals,
            is_initialized: true,
            freeze_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut mint_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Create source token account
    let mut source_data = vec![0u8; TokenAccount::LEN];
    TokenAccount::pack(
        TokenAccount {
            mint,
            owner: authority,
            amount: initial_balance,
            delegate: None.into(),
            state: AccountState::Initialized,
            is_native: None.into(),
            delegated_amount: 0,
            close_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut source_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Create destination token account
    let mut destination_data = vec![0u8; TokenAccount::LEN];
    TokenAccount::pack(
        TokenAccount {
            mint,
            owner: Pubkey::new_unique(),
            amount: 0,
            delegate: None.into(),
            state: AccountState::Initialized,
            is_native: None.into(),
            delegated_amount: 0,
            close_authority: None.into(),
        },
        &mut destination_data,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Setup accounts for transfer_checked
    let accounts = vec![
        (
            source,
            Account {
                lamports: account_rent,
                data: source_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            mint,
            Account {
                lamports: mint_rent,
                data: mint_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            destination,
            Account {
                lamports: account_rent,
                data: destination_data,
                owner: token::ID,
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
        (
            authority,
            Account {
                lamports: 1_000_000,
                data: vec![],
                owner: Pubkey::default(),
                executable: false,
                rent_epoch: 0,
            },
        ),
    ];

    // Create transfer_checked instruction
    let instruction = transfer_checked(
        &token::ID,
        &source,
        &mint,
        &destination,
        &authority,
        &[],
        transfer_amount,
        decimals,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Expected balances after transfer
    let expected_source_balance = (initial_balance - transfer_amount).to_le_bytes();
    let expected_dest_balance = transfer_amount.to_le_bytes();

    // Define validation checks
    let checks = vec![
        Check::success(),
        Check::account(&source)
            .data_slice(64, &expected_source_balance) // Token amount is at offset 64
            .build(),
        Check::account(&destination)
            .data_slice(64, &expected_dest_balance)
            .build(),
    ];

    // Process and validate the instruction
    let result = mollusk.process_and_validate_instruction(&instruction, &accounts, &checks);
    println!("{:#?}", result);

    // Deserialize token account data
    let source_account = result.get_account(&source).unwrap();
    let source_token = TokenAccount::unpack(&source_account.data).unwrap();
    println!("Source Token Account: {:#?}", source_token);

    let destination_account = result.get_account(&destination).unwrap();
    let dest_token = TokenAccount::unpack(&destination_account.data).unwrap();
    println!("Destination Token Account: {:#?}", dest_token);
}

Console

Click to execute the code.

Hello World 프로그램

Hello World 프로그램

목차