Introduction to Solana Mobile

Summary #

• The Solana Mobile Wallet Adapter (MWA) allows mobile apps to submit transactions for signing via a WebSocket connection to mobile wallets.
• The easiest way to start building Solana mobile applications is by using Solana Mobile’s React Native packages - @solana-mobile/mobile-wallet-adapter-protocol and @solana-mobile/mobile-wallet-adapter-protocol-web3js

Lesson Overview #

In these lessons, we will develop mobile apps that interact with the Solana network, this opens up a whole new paradigm of blockchain use cases and behaviors. The Solana Mobile Stack (SMS) is designed to help developers seamlessly create mobile apps. It includes the Mobile Wallet Adapter (MWA) , a Solana Mobile SDK that uses React Native, Seed Vault, and the Solana app Store. These resources simplify mobile development with a similar experience but with mobile-specific features.

This lesson focuses on using React Native to create a simple Android app that integrates with the Solana network. If you're not familiar with programming in React or Solana, we recommend starting with our Intro to Solana lesson and returning when you're ready. If you are, let's dive in!

Intro to Solana Mobile #

Native mobile wallets hold your secret keys and use them to sign and send transactions just like web extension wallets. However native mobile wallets use the Mobile Wallet Adapter (MWA) standard instead of the Wallet Adapter to ensure any apps can work with any wallet.

We will dig into the specifics of the MWA in a later lesson, but it effectively opens a WebSocket between applications to facilitate communication. That way a separate app can provide the wallet app with the transaction to be signed and sent, and the wallet app can respond with appropriate status updates.

Mobile Use Cases with Solana #

Before development, it is important to understand the current landscape of Web3 mobile development to foresee potential blockers and opportunities. Here are a few examples of what Solana mobile development can unlock:

Mobile Banking and Trading (DeFi)

Most traditional banking right now happens on on native mobile apps. With SMS, you can now bank and trade using native mobile apps with your own wallet, where you hold your own keys.

Mobile Gaming with Solana Micropayments

Mobile games account for roughly 50% of the video game industry's total value, largely due to small in-game purchases. However, payment processing fees usually mean these in-game purchases have a minimum of $0.99 USD. With Solana, it's possible to unlock true micropayments. Need an extra life? That'll be 0.0001 SOL.

Mobile E-Commerce

SMS can enable a new wave of mobile e-commerce shoppers to pay directly from their favorite Solana wallet. Imagine a world where you can use your Solana wallet as seamlessly as you can use Apple Pay.

In summary, mobile blockchain transactions can open many opportunities. Let's start building!

Supported Operating Systems #

Currently, the MWA only supports Android. On Android, a WebSocket connection can persist between apps, even when the wallet app is in the background.

On iOS, the OS quickly suspends websocket connections when an app is backgrounded, so the standard
Wallet Adapter library is used instead.

The remainder of this lesson will focus on developing Android apps with the MWA.

Supported Frameworks #

Solana Mobile supports a number of different frameworks. Officially supported are React Native and native Android, with community SDKs for Flutter, Unity, and Unreal Engine.

Solana SDKs:

• React Native ( Regular and Expo )
• Android

Community SDKs:

• Flutter
• Unity
• Unreal Engine

To keep the development experience as close as possible to other lessons, we will be working exclusively with React Native.

From React to React Native #

React Native is very similar to React but designed for mobile. Here are some key points to note:

• React Native compiles down to native Android and iOS apps while React compiles down to a collection of web pages.
• Instead of using web elements like <div>, you will use mobile-native elements like <View>.
• React Native allows access to mobile hardware, such as the camera and accelerometer, which React web apps cannot access.
• Many standard React and Node packages may not be compatible with React Native and setting up React Native can be challenging. Fortunately, the React Native Docs contains everything you may need.
• For development, you will need to set up Android Studio for Android apps and an emulator or physical device for testing.

Creating a React Native App on Solana #

Solana React Native apps are virtually identical to React apps. The primary difference is in the wallet interaction. Instead of the wallet being available in the browser, your app will create an MWA session with the wallet app of your choosing using a WebSocket. Fortunately, this is abstracted for you in the MWA library. The only difference is that anytime you need to make a call to the wallet, the transact function will be used, more details on this function in later parts of this lesson.

App Flow

Reading Data #

Reading data from a Solana cluster in React Native works the same way as in React. You can use the useConnection hook to access the connection object, which is responsible for interacting with the Solana network.

In Solana, an account refers to any object stored on-chain, and is typically referenced by a public key.

Here’s an example of how you can read an account information using the getAccountInfo method:

const { connection } = useConnection();
const publicKey = new PublicKey("your-wallet-public-key-here"); // Replace with a valid public key
const account = await connection.getAccountInfo(publicKey);

Connecting to a Wallet #

When writing data to the blockchain, it must be done through a transaction. Transactions need to be signed by one or more secret keys and sent to an RPC provider for processing. In almost all cases, this interaction is facilitated through a wallet application.

Web vs. Mobile Wallet Interactions #

The websocket that connects the app and the wallet is managed using the MWA, and initiated using Android intents, with the dApp broadcasting its intent using the solana-wallet:// scheme. Connecting

When the wallet app receives the intent broadcast, it opens a WebSocket connection with the app that initiated the session. The app initiates this connection using the transact function, as shown below:

transact(async (wallet: Web3MobileWallet) => {
  // Your wallet action code goes here
});

This function provides access to the Web3MobileWallet object, allowing you to perform actions such as signing transactions or interacting with wallet data. Remember, all wallet interactions must occur inside the callback of the transact function.

Signing and sending transactions #

The overall flow for signing and sending a transaction is as follows:

• Use the transact function to establish a session with the wallet. This function takes an asynchronous callback: async (wallet: Web3MobileWallet) => {...}.
• Inside the callback, request wallet authorization using wallet.authorize() or wallet.reauthorize(), depending on the wallet's state (whether it has an active session or requires reauthorization).
• Once the wallet is authorized, you can either:
  • Sign the transaction using wallet.signTransactions(), or
  • Sign and send the transaction directly using wallet.signAndSendTransactions().

Transacting To manage the wallet's authorization state, consider creating a useAuthorization() hook. This hook can streamline the process of handling authorization within your app, especially if you have multiple interactions with the wallet.

Here is an example of sending a transaction using MWA:

//import required dependencies if any
 
const { authorizeSession } = useAuthorization();
const { connection } = useConnection();
 
const sendTransactions = async (transaction: Transaction) => {
  try {
    // Start a session with the wallet
    await transact(async (wallet: Web3MobileWallet) => {
      // Get the latest blockhash for the transaction
      const { blockhash, lastValidBlockHeight } =
        await connection.getLatestBlockhash();
 
      // Authorize the wallet session
      const authResult = await authorizeSession(wallet);
 
      // Create an updated transaction with the latest blockhash and feePayer
      const updatedTransaction = new Transaction({
        recentBlockhash: blockhash,
        feePayer: authResult.publicKey,
      }).add(transaction);
 
      // Sign and send the transaction via the wallet
      const signatures = await wallet.signAndSendTransactions({
        transactions: [updatedTransaction],
      });
 
      console.log(`Transaction successful! Signature: ${signatures[0]}`);
    });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error("Error sending transaction:", error);
    throw new Error("Transaction failed");
  }
};

Debugging #

Debugging can be challenging when working with Solana mobile transactions, as two separate applications are involved: your app and the mobile wallet. Unlike typical single-application setups, you won't have direct access to the wallet’s logs, which makes tracking issues more complex.

However, Android Studio’s Logcat provides a useful solution - enabling you to view logs from all applications running on your device including the wallet. By leveraging Logcat, you can monitor the interaction between your app and the wallet, helping you identify any issues that arise during transaction signing and submission.

If Logcat is not your preferred tool, an alternative approach is to use the wallet solely for signing transactions, while handling the actual transaction submission in your app’s code. This method allows for greater control over debugging, as you can inspect the transaction flow more thoroughly on the client side.

Deploying for Solana Mobile #

Deploying mobile applications can be challenging, and the complexity increases when dealing with blockchain-based apps. Two primary factors contribute to this difficulty: customer safety and financial incentives.

Customer Safety and Regulatory Uncertainty: #

Most mobile app marketplaces, such as the Apple App Store and Google Play Store, have policies that restrict blockchain-related apps. Since blockchain is still a relatively new and evolving technology, platforms are cautious about regulatory compliance. They often adopt strict guidelines to protect users from potential risks associated with blockchain apps.

In-App Purchases and Platform Fees: #

Another significant challenge arises when using blockchain transactions for in-app purchases. Many platforms impose a transaction fee on purchases made within their apps (ranging from 15% to 30%). Payment via the blockchain is often seen as a way to bypass these fees, which is explicitly prohibited by most app stores. These platforms prioritize protecting their revenue streams and therefore enforce strict policies against apps that facilitate blockchain payments for in-app purchases.

Conclusion #

Getting started with Solana mobile development is more accessible than ever, thanks to the Solana Mobile Stack (SMS). Although React Native introduces some differences compared to React, much of the code you will write remains familiar, particularly when it comes to structuring the UI and handling state. The main distinction lies in how you interact with wallets, which requires using the transact callback to establish wallet sessions, sign transactions, and communicate with Solana’s blockchain.

As you continue building Solana mobile apps, it's essential to keep learning and refining your skills. Be sure to explore additional resources like:

• The official Solana Developer Docs for in-depth guides on Solana’s core libraries and best practices.

• Solana Stack Exchange forum for troubleshooting, sharing insights, and staying updated on the latest ecosystem changes.

Mastering mobile Solana development will open up new opportunities in decentralized finance (DeFi), gaming, and e-commerce, allowing you to build cutting-edge applications with a seamless user experience. Stay curious and experiment with different tools to push the boundaries of what you can achieve with mobile apps. Let's put our knowledge to test by building a counting app with React Native for Android OS!

Lab: Building a Mobile Counter app with React Native #

This app will display a counter and allow users to make increments via a transaction on the Solana blockchain. The app will also connect to a wallet for signing transactions.

We will use the Anchor framework to interact with the on-chain counter program. The client side has already been developed in one of our previous lessons called Intro to client-side Anchor development, feel free to check out its code for more context.

To ensure you fully understand the core concepts, we will write this application in vanilla React Native without a starting template. While Solana Mobile offers templates that handle some boilerplate, building from scratch provides a much deeper understanding.

Getting Started #

To get started, you will need to properly set up a React Native development environment if you didn't already. This article shows you how. Remember that this step is not required if you are using a Framework.

Ensure you have Node.js installed on your system. These will manage your JavaScript packages. Install Android Studio:

Android Studio is required to run the Android emulator and to compile your React Native app for Android devices. Configure the ANDROID_HOME Environment Variable:

Project Setup #

Create a Sample Project for the Emulator Setup to ensure your Android environment is set up correctly. In your terminal, run the code below within your preferred directory to scaffold a new React Native project, where SampleProject is your preferred project name. You can open the project in Android Studio and ensure it runs correctly on the Android emulator.

  npx react-native init SampleProject --npm

Cloning and Running MWA #

1. Clone the repo in SampleProject

   git clone https://github.com/solana-mobile/mobile-wallet-adapter.git
   

2. In Android Studio, Open project > Navigate to the cloned directory > Select mobile-wallet-adapter/android

3. After Android Studio finishes loading the project, select fakewallet in the build/run configuration dropdown in the top right

   Fake Wallet

4. For easier debugging, use Logcat. Check the Logcat installation guide if you are interested.

5. Now that your fake wallet is running on the emulator, go to View -> Tool Windows -> Logcat. This will open up a console logging out what’s happening with fake wallet.

6. (Optional) Install other Solana wallets on the Google Play store.

Lastly, we recommend installing java version 11 to avoid dependency errors. To know what version you have installed, run java --version in your terminal.

1. Plan out the App Structure #

Before we do any coding, let's conceptualize the outline of the app. Again, this app will connect to and interact with the counter program we've already deployed to Devnet. To do this, we'll need the following:

• A Connection object to interact with Solana (ConnectionProvider.tsx)
• Access to our counter program (ProgramProvider.tsx)
• Authorization for a wallet to sign and send requests (AuthProvider.tsx)
• Text to display our counter value (CounterView.tsx)
• A button to press to increment our count (CounterButton.tsx)

There will be more files and considerations, but these are the most important files we'll be creating and working with.

2. Create the App #

Now that we've got some of the basic setup and structure down, let's scaffold a new app with the following command:

npx react-native@latest init counter --npm

This scaffolds a new React Native project for us called counter.

Let's make sure everything is set up properly by starting the default app and running it on our Android emulator.

cd counter
npm run android

This should open and run the app in your Android emulator. If you run into problems, check to make sure you’ve accomplished everything in the Getting Started section.

3. Install Dependencies #

We will need to import our Solana dependencies. The Solana Mobile docs provide a nice list of packages and explanations for why we need them:

• @solana-mobile/mobile-wallet-adapter-protocol: A React Native/Javascript API enabling interaction with MWA-compatible wallets
• @solana-mobile/mobile-wallet-adapter-protocol-web3js: A convenience wrapper to use common primitives from @solana/web3.js, such as Transaction and Uint8Array
• @solana/web3.js: Solana Web Library for interacting with the Solana network through th JSON RPC API
• @react-native-get-random-values Secure random number generator polyfill for
• web3.js underlying library on React Native
• buffer: Buffer polyfill; also needed for web3.js on React Native

In addition to this list, we will add two more packages:

• @coral-xyz/anchor: The Anchor TS client.
• assert: A polyfill that lets Anchor do its thing.
• text-encoding-polyfill: A polyfill needed to create the Program object

If you’re not familiar: polyfills provide Node-native libraries to make them work anywhere Node is not running. We will finish our polyfill setup shortly. For now, install dependencies using the following command:

npm install \
  @solana/web3.js \
  @solana-mobile/mobile-wallet-adapter-protocol-web3js \
  @solana-mobile/mobile-wallet-adapter-protocol \
  react-native-get-random-values \
  buffer \
  @coral-xyz/anchor \
  assert \
  text-encoding-polyfill

4. Create ConnectionProvider.tsx file #

Let's start adding our Solana functionality. Create a new folder called components and within it, a file called ConnectionProvider.tsx. This provider will wrap the entire application and make our Connection object available throughout. Hopefully, you're noticing a pattern: this is identical to the React patterns we've used throughout the course.

import { Connection, ConnectionConfig } from "@solana/web3.js";
import React, { ReactNode, createContext, useContext, useMemo } from "react";
 
export interface ConnectionProviderProps {
  children: ReactNode;
  endpoint: string;
  config?: ConnectionConfig;
}
 
export interface ConnectionContextState {
  connection: Connection;
}
 
const ConnectionContext = createContext<ConnectionContextState>(
  {} as ConnectionContextState,
);
 
export function ConnectionProvider({
  children,
  endpoint,
  config = { commitment: "confirmed" },
}: ConnectionProviderProps) {
  const connection = useMemo(
    () => new Connection(endpoint, config),
    [config, endpoint],
  );
 
  return (
    <ConnectionContext.Provider value={{ connection }}>
      {children}
    </ConnectionContext.Provider>
  );
}
 
export const useConnection = (): ConnectionContextState =>
  useContext(ConnectionContext);

5. Create AuthProvider.tsx file #

The next Solana provision we will need is the auth provider. This is one of the main differences between mobile and web development. What we’re implementing here is roughly equivalent to the WalletProvider that we’re used to in web apps. However, since we're using Android and its natively installed wallets, the flow to connect and utilize them is a bit different. Most notably, we need to follow the MWA protocol.

We do this by providing the following in our AuthProvider:

• accounts: If the user has multiple wallets, different accounts are maintained in this array of Accounts.
• selectedAccount: The current selected account for the transaction.
• authorizeSession(wallet): Authorizes (or reauthorizes, if token is expired) the wallet for the user and returns an account which will act as the selected account for the session. The wallet variable is from the callback of the transact function you call independently anytime you want to interact with a wallet.
• deauthorizeSession(wallet): Deauthorizes the wallet.
• onChangeAccount: Acts as a handler when selectedAccount is changed.

We are also going to throw in some utility methods:

• getPublicKeyFromAddress(base64Address): Creates a new Public Key object from the Base64 address given from the wallet object
• getAuthorizationFromAuthResult: Handles the authorization result, extracts relevant data from the result, and returns the Authorization context object

We will expose all of this through a useAuthorization hook.

Since this provider is the same across all apps, we are going to give you the full implementation that you can copy and paste. We will dig into the details of MWA in a future lesson.

Create the file AuthProvider.tsx in the components folder and paste in the following:

import { Cluster, PublicKey } from "@solana/web3.js";
import {
  Account as AuthorizedAccount,
  AuthorizationResult,
  AuthorizeAPI,
  AuthToken,
  Base64EncodedAddress,
  DeauthorizeAPI,
  ReauthorizeAPI,
} from "@solana-mobile/mobile-wallet-adapter-protocol";
import { toUint8Array } from "js-base64";
import { useState, useCallback, useMemo, ReactNode } from "react";
import React from "react";
 
const AuthUtils = {
  getAuthorizationFromAuthResult: (
    authResult: AuthorizationResult,
    previousAccount?: Account,
  ): Authorization => {
    const selectedAccount =
      previousAccount === undefined ||
      !authResult.accounts.some(
        ({ address }) => address === previousAccount.address,
      )
        ? AuthUtils.getAccountFromAuthorizedAccount(authResult.accounts[0])
        : previousAccount;
 
    return {
      accounts: authResult.accounts.map(
        AuthUtils.getAccountFromAuthorizedAccount,
      ),
      authToken: authResult.auth_token,
      selectedAccount,
    };
  },
 
  getAccountFromAuthorizedAccount: (
    authAccount: AuthorizedAccount,
  ): Account => ({
    ...authAccount,
    publicKey: new PublicKey(toUint8Array(authAccount.address)),
  }),
};
 
type Account = Readonly<{
  address: Base64EncodedAddress;
  label?: string;
  publicKey: PublicKey;
}>;
 
type Authorization = Readonly<{
  accounts: Account[];
  authToken: AuthToken;
  selectedAccount: Account;
}>;
 
const APP_IDENTITY = {
  name: "Solana Counter Incrementor",
};
 
type AuthorizationProviderContext = {
  accounts: Account[] | null;
  authorizeSession: (wallet: AuthorizeAPI & ReauthorizeAPI) => Promise<Account>;
  deauthorizeSession: (wallet: DeauthorizeAPI) => void;
  onChangeAccount: (nextSelectedAccount: Account) => void;
  selectedAccount: Account | null;
};
 
const AuthorizationContext = React.createContext<AuthorizationProviderContext>({
  accounts: null,
  authorizeSession: () => {
    throw new Error("Provider not initialized");
  },
  deauthorizeSession: () => {
    throw new Error("Provider not initialized");
  },
  onChangeAccount: () => {
    throw new Error("Provider not initialized");
  },
  selectedAccount: null,
});
 
type AuthProviderProps = {
  children: ReactNode;
  cluster: Cluster;
};
 
function AuthorizationProvider({ children, cluster }: AuthProviderProps) {
  const [authorization, setAuthorization] = useState<Authorization | null>(
    null,
  );
 
  const handleAuthorizationResult = useCallback(
    async (authResult: AuthorizationResult): Promise<Authorization> => {
      const nextAuthorization = AuthUtils.getAuthorizationFromAuthResult(
        authResult,
        authorization?.selectedAccount,
      );
      setAuthorization(nextAuthorization);
      return nextAuthorization;
    },
    [authorization],
  );
 
  const authorizeSession = useCallback(
    async (wallet: AuthorizeAPI & ReauthorizeAPI) => {
      const authorizationResult = authorization
        ? await wallet.reauthorize({
            auth_token: authorization.authToken,
            identity: APP_IDENTITY,
          })
        : await wallet.authorize({ cluster, identity: APP_IDENTITY });
      return (await handleAuthorizationResult(authorizationResult))
        .selectedAccount;
    },
    [authorization, cluster, handleAuthorizationResult],
  );
 
  const deauthorizeSession = useCallback(
    async (wallet: DeauthorizeAPI) => {
      if (authorization?.authToken) {
        await wallet.deauthorize({ auth_token: authorization.authToken });
        setAuthorization(null);
      }
    },
    [authorization],
  );
 
  const onChangeAccount = useCallback((nextAccount: Account) => {
    setAuthorization(currentAuthorization => {
      if (
        currentAuthorization?.accounts.some(
          ({ address }) => address === nextAccount.address,
        )
      ) {
        return { ...currentAuthorization, selectedAccount: nextAccount };
      }
      throw new Error(`${nextAccount.address} is no longer authorized`);
    });
  }, []);
 
  const value = useMemo(
    () => ({
      accounts: authorization?.accounts ?? null,
      authorizeSession,
      deauthorizeSession,
      onChangeAccount,
      selectedAccount: authorization?.selectedAccount ?? null,
    }),
    [authorization, authorizeSession, deauthorizeSession, onChangeAccount],
  );
 
  return (
    <AuthorizationContext.Provider value={value}>
      {children}
    </AuthorizationContext.Provider>
  );
}
 
const useAuthorization = () => React.useContext(AuthorizationContext);
 
export {
  AuthorizationProvider,
  useAuthorization,
  type Account,
  type AuthProviderProps,
  type AuthorizationProviderContext,
};

6. Create ProgramProvider.tsx file #

The last provider we need is our program provider. This will expose the counter program we want to interact with.

Since we are using the Anchor TS client to interact with our program, we need the program's IDL. Start by creating a root-level folder called models, then create a new file anchor-counter.ts. Paste the contents of the Anchor Counter IDL into this new file.

Next, create the file ProgramProvider.tsx inside of components. Inside we will create the program provider to surface our program and the counter PDA:

import {
  AnchorProvider,
  IdlAccounts,
  Program,
  setProvider,
} from "@coral-xyz/anchor";
import { Keypair, PublicKey } from "@solana/web3.js";
import { AnchorCounter, IDL } from "../models/anchor-counter";
import React, {
  ReactNode,
  createContext,
  useCallback,
  useContext,
  useEffect,
  useMemo,
  useState,
} from "react";
import { useConnection } from "./ConnectionProvider";
 
export type CounterAccount = IdlAccounts<AnchorCounter>["counter"];
 
export type ProgramContextType = {
  program: Program<AnchorCounter> | null;
  counterAddress: PublicKey | null;
};
 
export const ProgramContext = createContext<ProgramContextType>({
  program: null,
  counterAddress: null,
});
 
export type ProgramProviderProps = {
  children: ReactNode;
};
 
export function ProgramProvider({ children }: ProgramProviderProps) {
  const { connection } = useConnection();
  const [program, setProgram] = useState<Program<AnchorCounter> | null>(null);
  const [counterAddress, setCounterAddress] = useState<PublicKey | null>(null);
 
  const setup = useCallback(async () => {
    const programId = new PublicKey(
      "ALeaCzuJpZpoCgTxMjJbNjREVqSwuvYFRZUfc151AKHU",
    );
 
    // MockWallet is a placeholder wallet used for initializing the AnchorProvider.
    // In a mobile app, we don't need a real wallet here because the actual signing
    // will be done by the user's mobile wallet app. This mock wallet allows us to
    // set up the provider without a real wallet instance.
 
    const MockWallet = {
      signTransaction: () => Promise.reject(),
      signAllTransactions: () => Promise.reject(),
      publicKey: Keypair.generate().publicKey,
    };
 
    const provider = new AnchorProvider(connection, MockWallet, {});
    setProvider(provider);
 
    const programInstance = new Program<AnchorCounter>(
      IDL,
      programId,
      provider,
    );
 
    const [counterProgramAddress] = PublicKey.findProgramAddressSync(
      [Buffer.from("counter")],
      programId,
    );
 
    setProgram(programInstance);
    setCounterAddress(counterProgramAddress);
  }, [connection]);
 
  useEffect(() => {
    setup();
  }, [setup]);
 
  const value: ProgramContextType = useMemo(
    () => ({
      program,
      counterAddress,
    }),
    [program, counterAddress],
  );
 
  return (
    <ProgramContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</ProgramContext.Provider>
  );
}
 
export const useProgram = () => useContext(ProgramContext);

7. Modify App.tsx file #

Now that we have all our providers, let's wrap our app with them. We're going to re-write the default App.tsx with the following changes:

• Import our providers and add in our polyfills
• Wrap the app first with ConnectionProvider, then AuthorizationProvider, and finally ProgramProvider
• Pass in our Devnet endpoint to the ConnectionProvider
• Pass our cluster to the AuthorizationProvider
• Replace the default internal <View> with <MainScreen />, a screen we'll build in the next step

// Polyfills at the top
import "text-encoding-polyfill";
import "react-native-get-random-values";
import { Buffer } from "buffer";
global.Buffer = Buffer;
 
import { clusterApiUrl } from "@solana/web3.js";
import { ConnectionProvider } from "./components/ConnectionProvider";
import { AuthorizationProvider } from "./components/AuthProvider";
import { ProgramProvider } from "./components/ProgramProvider";
import { MainScreen } from "./screens/MainScreen"; // Going to make this
import React from "react";
 
export default function App() {
  const cluster = "devnet";
  const endpoint = clusterApiUrl(cluster);
 
  return (
    // ConnectionProvider: Manages the connection to the Solana network
    <ConnectionProvider
      endpoint={endpoint}
      config={{ commitment: "processed" }}
    >
      // AuthorizationProvider: Handles wallet authorization
      <AuthorizationProvider cluster={cluster}>
        // ProgramProvider: Provides access to the Solana program
        <ProgramProvider>
          <MainScreen />
        </ProgramProvider>
      </AuthorizationProvider>
    </ConnectionProvider>
  );
}

8. Create MainScreen.tsx file #

Now, let's put everything together to create our UI. Create a new folder called screens and a new file called MainScreen.tsx inside of it. In this file, we are only structuring the screen to display two yet-to-be-created components: CounterView and CounterButton.

Additionally, in this file, we're introducing React Native's StyleSheet. This is another difference from regular React. Don't worry, it behaves very similarly to CSS.

In screens/MainScreen.tsx paste the following:

import React from "react";
import { StatusBar, StyleSheet, View } from "react-native";
import { CounterView } from "../components/CounterView";
import { CounterButton } from "../components/CounterButton";
 
export function MainScreen() {
  return (
    <View style={styles.container}>
      <StatusBar barStyle="light-content" backgroundColor="darkblue" />
      <View style={[styles.container, styles.counterContainer]}>
        <CounterView />
      </View>
      <View style={styles.incrementButtonContainer}>
        <CounterButton />
      </View>
    </View>
  );
}
 
const styles = StyleSheet.create({
  container: {
    height: "100%",
    width: "100%",
    backgroundColor: "lightgray",
  },
  incrementButtonContainer: {
    position: "absolute",
    right: "5%",
    bottom: "3%",
  },
  counterContainer: {
    alignContent: "center",
    alignItems: "center",
    justifyContent: "center",
  },
});

9. Create CounterView.tsx file #

The CounterView is the first of our two program-specific files. CounterView's only job is to fetch and listen for updates on our Counter account. Since we're only listening here, we don't have to do anything MWA-related. It should look identical to a web application. We'll use our Connection object to listen for the programAddress specified in ProgramProvider.tsx. When the account is changed, we update the UI.

In components/CounterView.tsx paste the following:

import { View, Text, StyleSheet } from "react-native";
import { useConnection } from "./ConnectionProvider";
import { useProgram, CounterAccount } from "./ProgramProvider";
import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
import { AccountInfo } from "@solana/web3.js";
import React from "react";
 
const counterStyle = StyleSheet.create({
  counter: {
    fontSize: 48,
    fontWeight: "bold",
    color: "black",
    textAlign: "center",
  },
});
 
export function CounterView() {
  const { connection } = useConnection();
  const { program, counterAddress } = useProgram();
  const [counter, setCounter] = useState<CounterAccount>();
 
  // Fetch Counter Info
  useEffect(() => {
    if (!program || !counterAddress) return;
 
    program.account.counter.fetch(counterAddress).then(setCounter);
 
    const subscriptionId = connection.onAccountChange(
      counterAddress,
      (accountInfo: AccountInfo<Buffer>) => {
        try {
          const data = program.coder.accounts.decode(
            "counter",
            accountInfo.data,
          );
          setCounter(data);
        } catch (e) {
          console.log("account decoding error: " + e);
        }
      },
    );
 
    return () => {
      connection.removeAccountChangeListener(subscriptionId);
    };
  }, [program, counterAddress, connection]);
 
  if (!counter) return <Text>Loading...</Text>;
 
  return (
    <View>
      <Text>Current counter</Text>
      <Text style={counterStyle.counter}>{counter.count.toString()}</Text>
    </View>
  );
}

10. Create CounterButton.tsx file #

Finally, we have our last component, the CounterButton. This floating action button will do the following in a new function incrementCounter:

• Call transact to get access to a mobile wallet
• Authorize the session with authorizeSession from the useAuthorization hook
• Request a Devnet airdrop to fund the transaction if not enough Devnet SOL is available
• Create an increment transaction
• Call signAndSendTransactions to have the wallet sign and send the transaction

Create the file CounterButton.tsx and paste in the following:

import {
  Alert,
  Platform,
  Pressable,
  StyleSheet,
  Text,
  ToastAndroid,
} from "react-native";
import { useAuthorization } from "./AuthProvider";
import { useProgram } from "./ProgramProvider";
import { useConnection } from "./ConnectionProvider";
import {
  transact,
  Web3MobileWallet,
} from "@solana-mobile/mobile-wallet-adapter-protocol-web3js";
import { LAMPORTS_PER_SOL, Transaction } from "@solana/web3.js";
import { useState } from "react";
import React from "react";
 
const floatingActionButtonStyle = StyleSheet.create({
  container: {
    height: 64,
    width: 64,
    alignItems: "center",
    borderRadius: 40,
    justifyContent: "center",
    elevation: 4,
    marginBottom: 4,
    backgroundColor: "blue",
  },
 
  text: {
    fontSize: 24,
    color: "white",
  },
});
 
export function CounterButton() {
  const { authorizeSession } = useAuthorization();
  const { program, counterAddress } = useProgram();
  const { connection } = useConnection();
  const [isTransactionInProgress, setIsTransactionInProgress] = useState(false);
 
  const showToastOrAlert = (message: string) => {
    if (Platform.OS === "android") {
      ToastAndroid.show(message, ToastAndroid.SHORT);
    } else {
      Alert.alert(message);
    }
  };
 
  const incrementCounter = () => {
    if (!program || !counterAddress) return;
 
    if (!isTransactionInProgress) {
      setIsTransactionInProgress(true);
 
      transact(async (wallet: Web3MobileWallet) => {
        const authResult = await authorizeSession(wallet);
        const latestBlockhashResult = await connection.getLatestBlockhash();
 
        const ix = await program.methods
          .increment()
          .accounts({ counter: counterAddress, user: authResult.publicKey })
          .instruction();
 
        const balance = await connection.getBalance(authResult.publicKey);
 
        console.log(
          `Wallet ${authResult.publicKey} has a balance of ${balance}`,
        );
 
        // When on Devnet you may want to transfer SOL manually per session, due to Devnet's airdrop rate limit
        const minBalance = LAMPORTS_PER_SOL / 1000;
 
        if (balance < minBalance) {
          console.log(
            `requesting airdrop for ${authResult.publicKey} on ${connection.rpcEndpoint}`,
          );
          await connection.requestAirdrop(authResult.publicKey, minBalance * 2);
        }
 
        const transaction = new Transaction({
          ...latestBlockhashResult,
          feePayer: authResult.publicKey,
        }).add(ix);
        const signature = await wallet.signAndSendTransactions({
          transactions: [transaction],
        });
 
        showToastOrAlert(`Transaction successful! ${signature}`);
      })
        .catch(e => {
          console.log(e);
          showToastOrAlert(`Error: ${JSON.stringify(e)}`);
        })
        .finally(() => {
          setIsTransactionInProgress(false);
        });
    }
  };
 
  return (
    <>
      <Pressable
        style={floatingActionButtonStyle.container}
        onPress={incrementCounter}
      >
        <Text style={floatingActionButtonStyle.text}>+</Text>
      </Pressable>
    </>
  );
}

11. Build and Run #

Now it's time to test that everything works! Build and run with the following command:

npm run android

This will open the app in your emulator, click the + button in the bottom right. This will open up the "fake wallet". The "fake wallet" has various options to assist in debugging. The image below outlines the buttons to tap to properly test your app:

Counter App

If you run into problems, here are some examples of what they could be and how to fix them:

• Application does not build → Exit Metro with Ctrl+C and try again
• Nothing happens when you press the CounterButton → Make sure you have Solana wallet installed ( like the fake wallet we installed in Prerequisites )
• You get stuck in a forever loop while calling increment → This is likely due to you reaching a Devnet airdrop rate limit. Take out the airdrop section in CounterButton and manually send some Devnet SOL to your wallet's address (printed in the console)

That's it! You've made your first Solana Mobile app. If you get stuck, feel free to check out the

full solution code on the main branch of the repository.

Challenge #

Your next challenge is to expand the app by adding a decrement function. You need to create another button that will call the decrement method on the Solana program. The logic for the decrement function already exists in the program’s IDL (Interface Description Language), so your task is to write the client-side code that interacts with it.

Once you've completed this, you can check your solution against the solution code available on the

solution branch.