Смарт-контракты: Solidity vs Rust

• Programs process instructions received from пользователей or other programs.
• All programs do not maintain state. In other words, the data used by programs is sent to separate accounts through instructions.
• The program itself is stored in an executable checked account.
• All programs are owned by the BPF Loader and executed by the Solana Runtime.
• Developers typically write programs in Rust or C++. However, any language targeting LLVM and BPF backend can be chosen.
• All programs have a single entry point where instruction processing occurs (i.e., process_instruction). The following parameters are always included:
• program_id: pubkey,
• accounts: array,
• instruction_data: byte array

Unlike most other blockchains, Solana completely separates data and code. All data that programs interact with is stored in separate accounts and is called through instructions.

This model allows for comprehensive single programs to operate through various accounts without the need for additional deployments. A common example of this pattern can be seen between Native and SPL Programs.

Нативные программы и библиотека программ Solana (SPL)

Solana имеет множество программ, которые служат основными строительными блоками для взаимодействий на блокчейне.

Эти программы делятся на нативные программы и программы библиотеки Solana Program Library (SPL).

Нативные программы обеспечивают базовую функциональность, необходимую для работы валидаторов. Одна из самых известных программ среди них — это System Program, отвечающая за управление новыми аккаунтами и перевод SOL между двумя группами.

Программы SPL поддерживают различную деятельность на блокчейне, включая создание токенов, обмен, кредитование, генерацию пулов стейкинга и сервисы имён на блокчейне. SPL Token Program можно вызвать напрямую через CLI. Другие программы, такие как Associated Token Account Program, обычно настраиваются как пользовательские программы

Writing Programs

Programs are typically developed in Rust and C++. However, you can develop in any language targeting LLVM and BPF backend. Recent efforts by Neon Labs and Solang make EVM compatibility possible, allowing разработчиков to write programs in Solidity.

Most Rust-based programs follow the architecture below:

Recently, Anchor has emerged as a framework for developing programs. Anchor reduces boilerplate and simplifies (de)serialization handling, similar to Ruby on Rails but for Rust-based programs. Programs are typically developed and tested in the Localhost and Devnet environments before being deployed to Testnet and Mainnet.

Solana supports the following environments:

После развертывания в среде клиенты могут взаимодействовать с ончейн-программами через RPC-соединения с каждым кластером.

Deploying Programs

Developers can deploy programs via the CLI as follows:

solana program deploy <PROGRAM_FILEPATH>

When a program is deployed, it is compiled into an ELP shared object (including BPF bytecode) and uploaded to the Solana cluster. Programs exist inside an account except when they are marked as executable and allocated to the BPF Loader. The account's address is used as the program_id to reference the program in all transactions.

Solana supports multiple BPF Loaders, including the recent Upgradable BPF Loader. BPF Loaders are responsible for managing program accounts and making this possible through the program_id for clients.

All programs have a single entry point where instruction processing occurs (i.e., process_instruction). The parameters always include:

• program_id: pubkey
• accounts: array
• instruction_data: byte array

Once called, programs are executed by the Solana Runtime.

Summary

• The Program in Solana corresponds to 'Executable account' on the Solana blockchain.
• The concept of smart contracts in Ethereum aligns with the concept of programs in Solana.
• Solana enables anyone to issue tokens without the need to deploy additional contracts.