Δημιουργία ενός Token Account
Τι είναι ένα Token Account;
Ένα token account αποθηκεύει το υπόλοιπό σας σε ένα συγκεκριμένο token. Κάθε token account συνδέεται με ακριβώς ένα mint και παρακολουθεί το υπόλοιπο των token σας και πρόσθετες λεπτομέρειες.
/// Account data.#[repr(C)]#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]pub struct Account {/// The mint associated with this accountpub mint: Pubkey,/// The owner of this account.pub owner: Pubkey,/// The amount of tokens this account holds.pub amount: u64,/// If `delegate` is `Some` then `delegated_amount` represents/// the amount authorized by the delegatepub delegate: COption<Pubkey>,/// The account's statepub state: AccountState,/// If `is_native.is_some`, this is a native token, and the value logs the/// rent-exempt reserve. An Account is required to be rent-exempt, so/// the value is used by the Processor to ensure that wrapped SOL/// accounts do not drop below this threshold.pub is_native: COption<u64>,/// The amount delegatedpub delegated_amount: u64,/// Optional authority to close the account.pub close_authority: COption<Pubkey>,}
Σημειώστε ότι στον πηγαίο κώδικα, οι προγραμματιστές αποκαλούν ένα Token
account ως τύπο Account
. Τόσο το Token
Program
όσο και το Token Extension
Program
μοιράζονται την ίδια βασική υλοποίηση για το Token account.
Για να διατηρήσετε tokens, χρειάζεστε ένα token account για αυτό το συγκεκριμένο mint. Κάθε token account παρακολουθεί:
- Mint: Τον συγκεκριμένο τύπο token που διατηρεί
- Owner: Την αρχή που μπορεί να μεταφέρει tokens από αυτόν τον λογαριασμό
Παράδειγμα: USD Coin (USDC)
- Διεύθυνση mint:
EPjFWdd5AufqSSqeM2qN1xzybapC8G4wEGGkZwyTDt1v
- Token account της Circle:
3emsAVdmGKERbHjmGfQ6oZ1e35dkf5iYcS6U4CPKFVaa
- Αυτός ο λογαριασμός διατηρεί μόνο USDC tokens
- Η Circle ελέγχει τα token μέσω της αρχής ιδιοκτήτη του token account:
7VHUFJHWu2CuExkJcJrzhQPJ2oygupTWkL2A2For4BmE
Μπορείτε να δείτε τις λεπτομέρειες αυτού του token account στον Solana Explorer.
Κατανόηση της ορολογίας "Owner"
Ο όρος "owner" μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί σε δύο διαφορετικά πλαίσια:
-
Token Account Owner: Η αρχή που μπορεί να μεταφέρει, να κάψει ή να αναθέσει tokens. Αυτό αποθηκεύεται στα δεδομένα του token account.
-
Program Owner: Το πρόγραμμα που κατέχει τον λογαριασμό (πάντα το Token Program ή το Token Extension Program για token accounts).
Όταν εργάζεστε με token accounts, ο "owner" συνήθως αναφέρεται στην αρχή που μπορεί να μεταφέρει tokens, όχι στο πρόγραμμα που κατέχει τον λογαριασμό.
Τι είναι ένα Associated Token Account;
Ένα associated token account (ATA) είναι το προεπιλεγμένο token account για ένα πορτοφόλι για τη διατήρηση ενός συγκεκριμένου token. Χρησιμοποιεί μια ντετερμινιστική διεύθυνση (PDA) που δημιουργείται από το Associated Token Program.
Μόνο τα token accounts που δημιουργούνται από το Associated Token Program ονομάζονται "associated token accounts."
Τα ATAs χρησιμοποιούν ντετερμινιστικές διευθύνσεις, καθιστώντας εύκολη την εύρεση του token account οποιουδήποτε πορτοφολιού για ένα δεδομένο mint. Δείτε την υλοποίηση παραγωγής εδώ.
pub fn get_associated_token_address_and_bump_seed_internal(wallet_address: &Pubkey,token_mint_address: &Pubkey,program_id: &Pubkey,token_program_id: &Pubkey,) -> (Pubkey, u8) {Pubkey::find_program_address(&[&wallet_address.to_bytes(), // Owner's public key&token_program_id.to_bytes(), // Token Program or Token Extension Program&token_mint_address.to_bytes(), // Token mint address],program_id, // Associated Token Program ID)}
Για οποιονδήποτε συνδυασμό πορτοφολιού και token, υπάρχει ακριβώς μία διεύθυνση ATA. Αυτό εξαλείφει την ανάγκη χειροκίνητης παρακολούθησης των διευθύνσεων token account—μπορείτε πάντα να παράγετε τη σωστή διεύθυνση.
Πώς λειτουργεί το Associated Token Program
Το Associated Token Program είναι ένα βοηθητικό πρόγραμμα που:
- Δημιουργεί token accounts σε προκαθορισμένες διευθύνσεις (PDAs)
- Πραγματοποιεί Cross-Program Invocations (CPIs) στο Token Program
- Δεν διατηρεί καμία κατάσταση από μόνο του
Τα token accounts που δημιουργούνται ανήκουν στο Token Program και χρησιμοποιούν
την τυπική δομή Account
.
Πώς να δημιουργήσετε ένα Token Account
Η δημιουργία ενός token account απαιτεί την εντολή
InitializeAccount
.
Δείτε την
υλοποίηση εδώ.
Χρειάζεστε δύο εντολές για να δημιουργήσετε ένα token account:
- System Program: Δημιουργία λογαριασμού με κατανεμημένο χώρο για ένα token account και μεταφορά ιδιοκτησίας στο Token Program
- Token Program: Αρχικοποίηση των δεδομένων του token account
Typescript
import {airdropFactory,appendTransactionMessageInstructions,createSolanaRpc,createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,createTransactionMessage,generateKeyPairSigner,getSignatureFromTransaction,lamports,pipe,sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,signTransactionMessageWithSigners} from "@solana/kit";import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";import {getInitializeAccount2Instruction,getInitializeMintInstruction,getMintSize,getTokenSize,TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS} from "@solana-program/token";// Create Connection, local validator in this exampleconst rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://localhost:8899");const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");// Get latest blockhash to include in transactionconst { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();// Generate keypairs for fee payerconst feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();// Fund fee payerawait airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({recipientAddress: feePayer.address,lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),commitment: "confirmed"});// Generate keypair to use as address of mintconst mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabledconst space = BigInt(getMintSize());// Get minimum balance for rent exemptionconst rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();// Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)// Invokes the system programconst createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({payer: feePayer,newAccount: mint,lamports: rent,space,programAddress: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS});// Instruction to initialize mint account data// Invokes the token programconst initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({mint: mint.address,decimals: 2,mintAuthority: feePayer.address});const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];// Create transaction messageconst transactionMessage = pipe(createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx) // Append instructions);// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and mint keypair)const signedTransaction =await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);// Send and confirm transactionawait sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(signedTransaction,{ commitment: "confirmed" });// Get transaction signatureconst transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);console.log("Mint Address:", mint.address);console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature);// Generate keypair to use as address of token accountconst tokenAccount = await generateKeyPairSigner();// Get token account size (in bytes)const tokenAccountSpace = BigInt(getTokenSize());// Get minimum balance for rent exemptionconst tokenAccountRent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(tokenAccountSpace).send();// Instruction to create new account for token account (token program)// Invokes the system programconst createTokenAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({payer: feePayer,newAccount: tokenAccount,lamports: tokenAccountRent,space: tokenAccountSpace,programAddress: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS});// Instruction to initialize token account data// Invokes the token programconst initializeTokenAccountInstruction = getInitializeAccount2Instruction({account: tokenAccount.address,mint: mint.address,owner: feePayer.address});const instructions2 = [createTokenAccountInstruction,initializeTokenAccountInstruction];// Create transaction message for token account creationconst tokenAccountMessage = pipe(createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions2, tx) // Append instructions);// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and token account keypair)const signedTokenAccountTx =await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(tokenAccountMessage);// Send and confirm transactionawait sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(signedTokenAccountTx,{ commitment: "confirmed" });// Get transaction signatureconst transactionSignature2 = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTokenAccountTx);console.log("Token Account Address:", tokenAccount.address);console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature2);
Rust
use anyhow::Result;use solana_client::nonblocking::rpc_client::RpcClient;use solana_sdk::{commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,program_pack::Pack,signature::{Keypair, Signer},system_instruction::create_account,transaction::Transaction,};use spl_token::{id as token_program_id,instruction::{initialize_account, initialize_mint},state::{Account, Mint},};#[tokio::main]async fn main() -> Result<()> {// Create connection to local validatorlet client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(String::from("http://localhost:8899"),CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),);let latestBlockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash().await?;// Generate a new keypair for the fee payerlet fee_payer = Keypair::new();// Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payerlet airdrop_signature = client.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000).await?;client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;loop {let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;if confirmed {break;}}// Generate keypair to use as address of mintlet mint = Keypair::new();// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabledlet mint_space = Mint::LEN;let mint_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space).await?;// Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)let create_account_instruction = create_account(&fee_payer.pubkey(), // payer&mint.pubkey(), // new account (mint)mint_rent, // lamportsmint_space as u64, // space&token_program_id(), // program id);// Instruction to initialize mint account datalet initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(&token_program_id(),&mint.pubkey(), // mint&fee_payer.pubkey(), // mint authoritySome(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority2, // decimals)?;// Create transaction and add instructionslet transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(&[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),&[&fee_payer, &mint],latestBlockhash,);// Send and confirm transactionlet transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);// Generate keypair to use as address of token accountlet token_account = Keypair::new();// Get token account size (in bytes)let token_account_space = Account::LEN;let token_account_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(token_account_space).await?;// Instruction to create new account for token account (token program)let create_token_account_instruction = create_account(&fee_payer.pubkey(), // payer&token_account.pubkey(), // new account (token account)token_account_rent, // lamportstoken_account_space as u64, // space&token_program_id(), // program id);// Instruction to initialize token account datalet initialize_token_account_instruction = initialize_account(&token_program_id(),&token_account.pubkey(), // account&mint.pubkey(), // mint&fee_payer.pubkey(), // owner)?;// Create transaction and add instructionslet transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(&[create_token_account_instruction,initialize_token_account_instruction,],Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),&[&fee_payer, &token_account],latestBlockhash,);// Send and confirm transactionlet transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;println!("Token Account Address: {}", token_account.pubkey());println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);Ok(())}
Πώς να δημιουργήσετε ένα Associated Token Account
Η δημιουργία ενός Associated Token Account (ATA) απαιτεί την εντολή
Create
.
Δείτε την
υλοποίηση εδώ.
Αυτή η μοναδική εντολή διαχειρίζεται αυτόματα τη δημιουργία του token account και την αρχικοποίησή του μέσω Cross Program Invocations (CPI).
Typescript
import {airdropFactory,appendTransactionMessageInstructions,createSolanaRpc,createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,createTransactionMessage,generateKeyPairSigner,getSignatureFromTransaction,lamports,pipe,sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,signTransactionMessageWithSigners} from "@solana/kit";import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";import {getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync,getInitializeMintInstruction,getMintSize,TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS,findAssociatedTokenPda} from "@solana-program/token";// Create Connection, local validator in this exampleconst rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://localhost:8899");const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");// Generate keypairs for fee payerconst feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();// Fund fee payerawait airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({recipientAddress: feePayer.address,lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),commitment: "confirmed"});// Generate keypair to use as address of mintconst mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabledconst space = BigInt(getMintSize());// Get minimum balance for rent exemptionconst rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();// Get latest blockhash to include in transactionconst { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();// Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)// Invokes the system programconst createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({payer: feePayer,newAccount: mint,lamports: rent,space,programAddress: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS});// Instruction to initialize mint account data// Invokes the token programconst initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({mint: mint.address,decimals: 2,mintAuthority: feePayer.address});const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];// Create transaction messageconst transactionMessage = pipe(createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx),(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx));// Sign transaction message with all required signersconst signedTransaction =await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);// Send and confirm transactionawait sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(signedTransaction,{ commitment: "confirmed" });// Get transaction signatureconst transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);console.log("Mint Address:", mint.address.toString());console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature);// Use findAssociatedTokenPda to derive the ATA addressconst [associatedTokenAddress] = await findAssociatedTokenPda({mint: mint.address,owner: feePayer.address,tokenProgram: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS});console.log("Associated Token Account Address:",associatedTokenAddress.toString());// Get a fresh blockhash for the second transactionconst { value: latestBlockhash2 } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();// Create instruction to create the associated token accountconst createAtaInstruction = await getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync({payer: feePayer,mint: mint.address,owner: feePayer.address});// Create transaction messageconst transactionMessage2 = pipe(createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash2, tx),(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions([createAtaInstruction], tx));// Sign transaction message with all required signersconst signedTransaction2 =await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage2);// Send and confirm transactionawait sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(signedTransaction2,{ commitment: "confirmed" });// Get transaction signatureconst transactionSignature2 = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction2);console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature2);
Rust
use anyhow::Result;use solana_client::nonblocking::rpc_client::RpcClient;use solana_sdk::{commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,program_pack::Pack,signature::{Keypair, Signer},system_instruction::create_account,transaction::Transaction,};use spl_associated_token_account::{get_associated_token_address_with_program_id, instruction::create_associated_token_account,};use spl_token::{id as token_program_id, instruction::initialize_mint, state::Mint};#[tokio::main]async fn main() -> Result<()> {// Create connection to local validatorlet client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(String::from("http://localhost:8899"),CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),);let latestBlockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash().await?;// Generate a new keypair for the fee payerlet fee_payer = Keypair::new();// Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payerlet airdrop_signature = client.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000).await?;client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;loop {let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;if confirmed {break;}}// Generate keypair to use as address of mintlet mint = Keypair::new();// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabledlet mint_space = Mint::LEN;let mint_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space).await?;// Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)let create_account_instruction = create_account(&fee_payer.pubkey(), // payer&mint.pubkey(), // new account (mint)mint_rent, // lamportsmint_space as u64, // space&token_program_id(), // program id);// Instruction to initialize mint account datalet initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(&token_program_id(),&mint.pubkey(), // mint&fee_payer.pubkey(), // mint authoritySome(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority2, // decimals)?;// Create transaction and add instructionslet transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(&[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),&[&fee_payer, &mint],latestBlockhash,);// Send and confirm transactionlet transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);// Get the latest blockhash for the next transactionlet latestBlockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash().await?;// Derive the associated token account address for fee_payerlet associated_token_account = get_associated_token_address_with_program_id(&fee_payer.pubkey(), // owner&mint.pubkey(), // mint&token_program_id(), // program_id);// Instruction to create associated token accountlet create_ata_instruction = create_associated_token_account(&fee_payer.pubkey(), // funding address&fee_payer.pubkey(), // wallet address (owner)&mint.pubkey(), // mint address&token_program_id(), // program id);// Create transaction for associated token account creationlet transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(&[create_ata_instruction],Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),&[&fee_payer],latestBlockhash,);// Send and confirm transactionlet transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;println!("Associated Token Account Address: {}",associated_token_account.to_string());println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);Ok(())}
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