Create a Token Account

What Is a Token Account

A token account stores tokens for one mint and one token account owner on Solana.

Token Account Type
/// Account data.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
pub struct Account {
/// The mint associated with this account
pub mint: Pubkey,
/// The owner of this account.
pub owner: Pubkey,
/// The amount of tokens this account holds.
pub amount: u64,
/// If `delegate` is `Some` then `delegated_amount` represents
/// the amount authorized by the delegate
pub delegate: COption<Pubkey>,
/// The account's state
pub state: AccountState,
/// If `is_native.is_some`, this is a native token, and the value logs the
/// rent-exempt reserve. An Account is required to be rent-exempt, so
/// the value is used by the Processor to ensure that wrapped SOL
/// accounts do not drop below this threshold.
pub is_native: COption<u64>,
/// The amount delegated
pub delegated_amount: u64,
/// Optional authority to close the account.
pub close_authority: COption<Pubkey>,
}

Here, owner means the authority that can transfer, burn, or delegate tokens from the token account. The account's program owner is still the Token Program or Token Extension Program.

Each token account is tied to exactly one mint, which means the token account can hold units of only one token, the token identified by the token account's mint field.

What Is an Associated Token Account

An associated token account (ATA) is the default token account for a wallet and mint. The Associated Token Program derives the ATA address from the wallet address, token program address, and mint address.

Only token accounts created by the Associated Token Program are called associated token accounts.

The Associated Token Program is a way to create a token account at a standard, deterministic address. The resulting account is still a token account owned by the Token Program or Token Extension Program, not by the Associated Token Program.

The Associated Token Program derives the ATA address as shown in address.rs:

Associated Token Account Address Derivation
pub fn get_associated_token_address_and_bump_seed_internal(
wallet_address: &Pubkey,
token_mint_address: &Pubkey,
program_id: &Pubkey,
token_program_id: &Pubkey,
) -> (Pubkey, u8) {
Pubkey::find_program_address(
&[
&wallet_address.to_bytes(), // Owner's public key
&token_program_id.to_bytes(), // Token Program or Token Extension Program
&token_mint_address.to_bytes(), // Token mint address
],
program_id, // Associated Token Program ID
)
}

For any wallet, token program, and mint combination, there is exactly one ATA address. The Associated Token Program creates a standard token account at that address, and the resulting account still uses the Account type defined by the Token Program or Token Extension Program.

How to Create an Associated Token Account

Creating an associated token account uses the Associated Token Program's Create or CreateIdempotent instruction. The Associated Token Program derives the ATA address, creates the account at the ATA address, and initializes the account as a token account owned by the Token Program or Token Extension Program.

Recommended

For most applications, create token accounts through the Associated Token Program instead of creating them by directly calling the System Program and Token Program instructions. An associated token account uses a deterministic address derived from the owner, token program, and mint, which makes the default token account for a given mint easier for wallets and applications to find.

Source Reference

ItemDescriptionSource
CreateCreates an associated token account at the derived ATA address.Source
CreateIdempotentCreates the associated token account, but still succeeds if that ATA already exists for the same owner and mint.Source
process_create_associated_token_accountDerives the ATA address and uses create_pda_account plus CPIs to the selected token program to initialize the token account. When the selected program is the Token Extension Program, the ATA processor also initializes the immutable owner extension.Source
create_pda_accountHelper used by process_create_associated_token_account to create the PDA account by CPI into the System Program.Source

Typescript

The Kit examples below show the recommended approach using @solana/kit. Legacy examples using @solana/web3.js are included for reference.

Kit

import { generateKeyPairSigner } from "@solana/kit";
import { createLocalClient } from "@solana/kit-client-rpc";
import {
associatedTokenProgram,
findAssociatedTokenPda,
tokenProgram,
TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS
} from "@solana-program/token";
const client = await createLocalClient()
.use(tokenProgram())
.use(associatedTokenProgram());
const result = await client.associatedToken.instructions
.createAssociatedToken({
payer: client.payer, // Account funding account creation.
mint: mint.address, // Mint for the token this account holds.
owner: client.payer.address // Account that owns the token account.
})
.sendTransaction();
const [associatedTokenAddress] = await findAssociatedTokenPda({
mint: mint.address,
owner: client.payer.address,
tokenProgram: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS
});
const tokenAccountData = await client.token.accounts.token.fetch(
associatedTokenAddress
);
console.log("Mint Address:", mint.address);
console.log("\nAssociated Token Account Address:", associatedTokenAddress);
console.log("Associated Token Account:", tokenAccountData.data);
console.log("\nTransaction Signature:", result.context.signature);
Console
Click to execute the code.

Web3.js

import { Connection, Keypair, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL } from "@solana/web3.js";
import {
createAssociatedTokenAccount,
createMint,
getAccount,
TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
} from "@solana/spl-token";
const associatedTokenAccount = await createAssociatedTokenAccount(
connection, // Connection to the local validator.
feePayer, // Account funding account creation.
mintPubkey, // Mint for the token this account holds.
feePayer.publicKey, // Account that owns the token account.
{
commitment: "confirmed" // Confirmation options for the transaction.
},
TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID // Token program to invoke.
);
const tokenAccountData = await getAccount(
connection,
associatedTokenAccount,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
);
console.log("Mint Address:", mintPubkey.toBase58());
console.log(
"\nAssociated Token Account Address:",
associatedTokenAccount.toBase58()
);
console.log("Associated Token Account:", tokenAccountData);
Console
Click to execute the code.

Rust

Rust
use anyhow::Result;
use solana_client::nonblocking::rpc_client::RpcClient;
use solana_commitment_config::CommitmentConfig;
use solana_sdk::{
program_pack::Pack,
signature::{Keypair, Signer},
transaction::Transaction,
};
use solana_system_interface::instruction::create_account;
use spl_associated_token_account_interface::{
address::get_associated_token_address, instruction::create_associated_token_account,
};
use spl_token_interface::{
id as token_program_id,
instruction::initialize_mint,
state::{Account, Mint},
};
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<()> {
let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(
String::from("http://localhost:8899"),
CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),
);
let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
&[
create_associated_token_account(
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // Account funding account creation.
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // Account that owns the token account.
&mint.pubkey(), // Mint for the token this account holds.
&token_program_id(), // Token program that owns the account.
),
],
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),
&[&fee_payer],
latest_blockhash,
);
let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;
let associated_token_account = get_associated_token_address(&fee_payer.pubkey(), &mint.pubkey());
let token_account = client.get_account(&associated_token_account).await?;
let token_data = Account::unpack(&token_account.data)?;
println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());
println!(
"\nAssociated Token Account Address: {}",
associated_token_account
);
println!("Associated Token Account: {:#?}", token_data);
println!("\nTransaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);
Ok(())
}
Console
Click to execute the code.

Python

Python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import asyncio
import json
from solana.rpc.async_api import AsyncClient
from solders.keypair import Keypair
from solders.message import Message
from solders.pubkey import Pubkey
from solders.system_program import create_account, CreateAccountParams
from solders.transaction import Transaction
from spl.token.async_client import AsyncToken
from spl.token.instructions import (
create_associated_token_account,
get_associated_token_address,
initialize_mint,
InitializeMintParams,
)
from spl.token.constants import MINT_LEN, TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
async def main():
rpc = AsyncClient("http://localhost:8899")
fee_payer = Keypair()
owner = Keypair()
async with rpc:
create_associated_token_account_instruction = create_associated_token_account(
payer=fee_payer.pubkey(), # Account funding account creation.
owner=owner.pubkey(), # Account that owns the token account.
mint=mint.pubkey(), # Mint for the token this account holds.
token_program_id=TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID, # Token program that owns the new token account.
)
latest_blockhash = await rpc.get_latest_blockhash()
transaction = Transaction(
[fee_payer],
Message([create_associated_token_account_instruction], fee_payer.pubkey()),
latest_blockhash.value.blockhash,
)
result = await rpc.send_transaction(transaction)
token_account_info = await token.get_account_info(associated_token_account)
token_account = {
key: str(value) if isinstance(value, Pubkey) else value
for key, value in token_account_info._asdict().items()
}
print("Mint Address:", mint.pubkey())
print("\nToken Account Address:", associated_token_account)
print("Token Account:")
print(json.dumps(token_account, indent=2))
print("\nTransaction Signature:", result.value)
if __name__ == "__main__":
asyncio.run(main())
Console
Click to execute the code.

How to Create a Token Account

Creating a token account requires two instructions:

  1. The System Program's CreateAccount instruction creates a new rent-exempt account and assigns the Token Program as the program owner of the new account.
  2. The Token Program's InitializeAccount, InitializeAccount2, or InitializeAccount3 instruction initializes the new account for a mint and owner.

Include the CreateAccount instruction and the token account initialization instruction in the same transaction.

During token account initialization, the Token Program checks that the account is not already initialized and is rent-exempt.

The section below shows how to create a token account by directly calling the System Program and Token Program instructions. For most applications, use the Associated Token Program instead. Use direct System Program and Token Program calls when you have a specific reason not to use an associated token account or when you need to create custom PDA token accounts by making CPIs to the System Program and Token Program instructions from your own Solana program.

Source Reference

ItemDescriptionToken ProgramToken Extension Program
AccountThe base token account fields stored in every token account.SourceSource
InitializeAccountA token account initialization instruction that expects the owner and rent sysvar account in its accounts list.SourceSource
InitializeAccount2A token account initialization instruction that passes the owner in instruction data instead of the accounts list.SourceSource
InitializeAccount3A token account initialization instruction that passes the owner in instruction data and does not require the rent sysvar account.SourceSource
_process_initialize_accountShared processor logic for token account initialization.SourceSource
process_initialize_accountPublic handler for InitializeAccount.SourceSource
process_initialize_account2Public handler for InitializeAccount2.SourceSource
process_initialize_account3Public handler for InitializeAccount3.SourceSource

Typescript

The Kit examples below show the recommended approach using @solana/kit. Legacy examples using @solana/web3.js are included for reference.

Kit

import { generateKeyPairSigner } from "@solana/kit";
import { createLocalClient } from "@solana/kit-client-rpc";
import { systemProgram } from "@solana-program/system";
import {
getTokenSize,
tokenProgram,
TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS
} from "@solana-program/token";
const client = await createLocalClient()
.use(systemProgram())
.use(tokenProgram());
const result = await client.sendTransaction([
client.system.instructions.createAccount({
newAccount: tokenAccount, // New token account to create.
lamports: rent, // Lamports funding the new account rent.
space, // Account size in bytes.
programAddress: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS // Program that owns the new account.
}),
client.token.instructions.initializeAccount({
account: tokenAccount.address, // Token account to initialize.
mint: mint.address, // Mint for the token this account holds.
owner: client.payer.address // Account that owns the token account.
})
]);
const tokenAccountData = await client.token.accounts.token.fetch(
tokenAccount.address
);
console.log("Mint Address:", mint.address);
console.log("\nToken Account Address:", tokenAccount.address);
console.log("Token Account:", tokenAccountData.data);
console.log("\nTransaction Signature:", result.context.signature);
Console
Click to execute the code.

Web3.js

import { Connection, Keypair, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL } from "@solana/web3.js";
import {
createAccount,
createMint,
getAccount,
TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
} from "@solana/spl-token";
const tokenAccount = await createAccount(
connection, // Connection to the local validator.
feePayer, // Account paying transaction fees.
mintPubkey, // Mint for the token this account holds.
feePayer.publicKey, // Account that owns the token account.
Keypair.generate(), // New token account to create.
{
commitment: "confirmed" // Confirmation options for the transaction.
},
TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID // Token program to invoke.
);
const tokenAccountData = await getAccount(
connection,
tokenAccount,
"confirmed",
TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
);
console.log("Mint Address:", mintPubkey.toBase58());
console.log("\nToken Account Address:", tokenAccount.toBase58());
console.log("Token Account:", tokenAccountData);
Console
Click to execute the code.

Rust

Rust
use anyhow::Result;
use solana_client::nonblocking::rpc_client::RpcClient;
use solana_commitment_config::CommitmentConfig;
use solana_sdk::{
program_pack::Pack,
signature::{Keypair, Signer},
transaction::Transaction,
};
use solana_system_interface::instruction::create_account;
use spl_token_interface::{
id as token_program_id,
instruction::{initialize_account, initialize_mint},
state::{Account, Mint},
};
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<()> {
let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(
String::from("http://localhost:8899"),
CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),
);
let token_account = Keypair::new();
let token_account_rent = client
.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(Account::LEN)
.await?;
let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
&[
create_account(
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // Account funding account creation.
&token_account.pubkey(), // New token account to create.
token_account_rent, // Lamports funding the new account rent.
Account::LEN as u64, // Account size in bytes.
&token_program_id(), // Program that owns the new account.
),
initialize_account(
&token_program_id(),
&token_account.pubkey(), // Token account to initialize.
&mint.pubkey(), // Mint for the token this account holds.
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // Account that owns the token account.
)?,
],
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),
&[&fee_payer, &token_account],
latest_blockhash,
);
let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;
let token_account_data = client.get_account(&token_account.pubkey()).await?;
let token_data = Account::unpack(&token_account_data.data)?;
println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());
println!("\nToken Account Address: {}", token_account.pubkey());
println!("Token Account: {:#?}", token_data);
println!("\nTransaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);
Ok(())
}
Console
Click to execute the code.

Python

Python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import asyncio
import json
from solana.rpc.async_api import AsyncClient
from solders.keypair import Keypair
from solders.message import Message
from solders.pubkey import Pubkey
from solders.system_program import create_account, CreateAccountParams
from solders.transaction import Transaction
from spl.token.async_client import AsyncToken
from spl.token.instructions import (
initialize_account,
InitializeAccountParams,
initialize_mint,
InitializeMintParams,
)
from spl.token.constants import ACCOUNT_LEN, MINT_LEN, TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID
async def main():
rpc = AsyncClient("http://localhost:8899")
async with rpc:
token_account = Keypair()
token_account_rent = (await rpc.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(ACCOUNT_LEN)).value
create_token_account_instructions = [
create_account(
CreateAccountParams(
from_pubkey=fee_payer.pubkey(), # Account funding account creation.
to_pubkey=token_account.pubkey(), # New token account to create.
lamports=token_account_rent, # Lamports funding the new account rent.
space=ACCOUNT_LEN, # Account size in bytes.
owner=TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID, # Program that owns the new token account.
)
),
initialize_account(
InitializeAccountParams(
program_id=TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID, # Token program to invoke.
account=token_account.pubkey(), # Token account to initialize.
mint=mint.pubkey(), # Mint for the token this account holds.
owner=fee_payer.pubkey(), # Account that owns the token account.
)
),
]
latest_blockhash = await rpc.get_latest_blockhash()
transaction = Transaction(
[fee_payer, token_account],
Message(create_token_account_instructions, fee_payer.pubkey()),
latest_blockhash.value.blockhash,
)
result = await rpc.send_transaction(transaction)
token_account_info = await token.get_account_info(token_account.pubkey())
token_account_data = {
key: str(value) if isinstance(value, Pubkey) else value
for key, value in token_account_info._asdict().items()
}
print("Mint Address:", mint.pubkey())
print("\nToken Account Address:", token_account.pubkey())
print("Token Account:")
print(json.dumps(token_account_data, indent=2))
print("\nTransaction Signature:", result.value)
if __name__ == "__main__":
asyncio.run(main())
Console
Click to execute the code.

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