Dokumentacja SolanaTokeny na SolaniePodstawy

Utwórz konto tokena

Czym jest konto tokena?

Konto tokena to typ konta w programach Token Program Solany, który przechowuje informacje o własności konkretnego tokena (mint). Każde konto tokena jest powiązane z jednym mintem i śledzi szczegóły, takie jak saldo tokena i właściciel.

Token Account Type
/// Account data.

#[repr(C)]

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]

pub struct Account {

    /// The mint associated with this account

    pub mint: Pubkey,

    /// The owner of this account.

    pub owner: Pubkey,

    /// The amount of tokens this account holds.

    pub amount: u64,

    /// If `delegate` is `Some` then `delegated_amount` represents

    /// the amount authorized by the delegate

    pub delegate: COption<Pubkey>,

    /// The account's state

    pub state: AccountState,

    /// If `is_native.is_some`, this is a native token, and the value logs the

    /// rent-exempt reserve. An Account is required to be rent-exempt, so

    /// the value is used by the Processor to ensure that wrapped SOL

    /// accounts do not drop below this threshold.

    pub is_native: COption<u64>,

    /// The amount delegated

    pub delegated_amount: u64,

    /// Optional authority to close the account.

    pub close_authority: COption<Pubkey>,

}

Zwróć uwagę, że w kodzie źródłowym deweloperzy nazywają konto tokena typem Account. Zarówno Token Program, jak i Token Extension Program korzystają z tej samej podstawowej implementacji dla konta tokena.

Aby przechowywać tokeny dla konkretnego minta, użytkownicy muszą najpierw utworzyć konto tokena. Każde konto tokena śledzi:

  1. Konkretnego minta (typ tokena, którego jednostki przechowuje konto tokena)
  2. Właściciela (autorytet, który może przenosić tokeny z konta)

Oto przykład z użyciem USD Coin (USDC) na Solanie:

  • Adres mint USD Coin: EPjFWdd5AufqSSqeM2qN1xzybapC8G4wEGGkZwyTDt1v
  • Circle (emitent USD Coin) posiada konto tokena pod adresem 3emsAVdmGKERbHjmGfQ6oZ1e35dkf5iYcS6U4CPKFVaa
  • To konto tokena przechowuje wyłącznie jednostki tokena USD Coin (mint)
  • Circle posiada autorytet właściciela pod adresem 7VHUFJHWu2CuExkJcJrzhQPJ2oygupTWkL2A2For4BmE i może przenosić te tokeny

Możesz zobaczyć szczegóły tego konta tokena na Solana Explorer.

Termin "właściciel" jest używany w dwóch różnych kontekstach:

  1. "Właściciel" konta tokena - Jest to adres przechowywany w danych konta tokena jako pole "owner" typu Account zdefiniowanego przez Token Program. Właściciel może przenosić, spalać lub delegować tokeny z konta. Ten adres jest czasami nazywany "autorytetem" konta tokena, aby odróżnić go od właściciela programu.

  2. Program "owner" - Odnosi się to do programu, który jest właścicielem danych konta na Solanie. W przypadku kont tokenów jest to zawsze albo Token Program, albo Token Extensions Program, jak określono w polu "owner" bazowego typu Solana Account.

Podczas pracy z kontami tokenów "owner" zazwyczaj odnosi się do autorytetu, który może wydawać tokeny, a nie do programu, który jest właścicielem konta.

Co to jest Associated Token Account?

Associated token account to konto tokenów z adresem, który jest Program Derived Address (PDA) utworzonym przez Associated Token Program. Można myśleć o associated token account jako o domyślnym koncie tokenów dla użytkownika do przechowywania jednostek określonego tokena (mint).

Termin "associated token accounts" odnosi się wyłącznie do kont tokenów tworzonych przez Associated Token Program.

Associated token accounts zapewniają deterministyczny sposób na znalezienie konta tokenów użytkownika dla dowolnego tokena mint. Możesz sprawdzić implementację tego procesu tutaj.

Associated Token Account Address Derivation
pub fn get_associated_token_address_and_bump_seed_internal(

    wallet_address: &Pubkey,

    token_mint_address: &Pubkey,

    program_id: &Pubkey,

    token_program_id: &Pubkey,

) -> (Pubkey, u8) {

    Pubkey::find_program_address(

        &[

            &wallet_address.to_bytes(), // Owner's public key

            &token_program_id.to_bytes(), // Token Program or Token Extension Program

            &token_mint_address.to_bytes(), // Token mint address

        ],

        program_id, // Associated Token Program ID

    )

}

To deterministyczne pochodzenie zapewnia, że dla dowolnej kombinacji adresu portfela i tokena mint istnieje dokładnie jeden adres associated token account. To podejście upraszcza znalezienie konta tokenów użytkownika dla dowolnego tokena mint, eliminując potrzebę osobnego śledzenia adresów kont tokenów.

Associated Token Program działa jako program pomocniczy, który tworzy konta tokenów z deterministycznymi adresami (PDA). Podczas tworzenia associated token account, Associated Token Program wykonuje CPI (Cross-Program Invocation) do Token Program lub Token Extensions Program. Token Program jest właścicielem utworzonego konta, które ma tę samą Account strukturę typu, jak zdefiniowano w Token Program. Associated Token Program nie przechowuje stanu - oferuje jedynie ustandaryzowany sposób tworzenia kont tokenów pod deterministycznym adresem, który jest PDA.

Jak utworzyć konto tokena

Aby utworzyć konto tokena, wywołaj instrukcję InitializeAccount. Implementacje tej instrukcji można znaleźć tutaj.

Transakcja tworzenia konta tokena wymaga dwóch instrukcji:

  1. Wywołaj System Program, aby utworzyć i przydzielić miejsce na konto tokena oraz przenieść własność na Token Program.
  2. Wywołaj Token Program, aby zainicjalizować dane konta tokena.

Typescript

import {

  airdropFactory,

  appendTransactionMessageInstructions,

  createSolanaRpc,

  createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,

  createTransactionMessage,

  generateKeyPairSigner,

  getSignatureFromTransaction,

  lamports,

  pipe,

  sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,

  setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,

  setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,

  signTransactionMessageWithSigners

} from "@solana/kit";

import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

import {

  getInitializeAccount2Instruction,

  getInitializeMintInstruction,

  getMintSize,

  getTokenSize,

  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

} from "@solana-program/token-2022";



// Create Connection, local validator in this example

const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://127.0.0.1:8899");

const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");



// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Generate keypairs for fee payer

const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Fund fee payer

await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({

  recipientAddress: feePayer.address,

  lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),

  commitment: "confirmed"

});



// Generate keypair to use as address of mint

const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

const space = BigInt(getMintSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();



// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)

// Invokes the system program

const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: mint,

  lamports: rent,

  space,

  programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize mint account data

// Invokes the token 2022 program

const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({

  mint: mint.address,

  decimals: 2,

  mintAuthority: feePayer.address

});



const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx) // Append instructions

);



// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and mint keypair)

const signedTransaction =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);



console.log("Mint Address: ", mint.address);

console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature);



// Generate keypair to use as address of token account

const tokenAccount = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get token account size (in bytes)

const tokenAccountSpace = BigInt(getTokenSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const tokenAccountRent = await rpc

  .getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(tokenAccountSpace)

  .send();



// Instruction to create new account for token account (token 2022 program)

// Invokes the system program

const createTokenAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: tokenAccount,

  lamports: tokenAccountRent,

  space: tokenAccountSpace,

  programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize token account data

// Invokes the token 2022 program

const initializeTokenAccountInstruction = getInitializeAccount2Instruction({

  account: tokenAccount.address,

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address

});



const instructions2 = [

  createTokenAccountInstruction,

  initializeTokenAccountInstruction

];



// Create transaction message for token account creation

const tokenAccountMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions2, tx) // Append instructions

);



// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and token account keypair)

const signedTokenAccountTx =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(tokenAccountMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTokenAccountTx,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const tokenAccountTxSignature =

  getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTokenAccountTx);



console.log("Token Account Address:", tokenAccount.address);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", tokenAccountTxSignature);
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Rust

use anyhow::Result;

use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;

use solana_sdk::{

    commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,

    program_pack::Pack,

    signature::{Keypair, Signer},

    system_instruction::create_account,

    transaction::Transaction,

};

use spl_token_2022::{

    id as token_2022_program_id,

    instruction::{initialize_account, initialize_mint},

    state::{Account, Mint},

};



fn main() -> Result<()> {

    // Create connection to local validator

    let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(

        String::from("http://127.0.0.1:8899"),

        CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),

    );

    let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;



    // Generate a new keypair for the fee payer

    let fee_payer = Keypair::new();



    // Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer

    let airdrop_signature = client.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)?;

    client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;



    loop {

        let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;

        if confirmed {

            break;

        }

    }



    // Generate keypair to use as address of mint

    let mint = Keypair::new();



    // Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

    let mint_space = Mint::LEN;

    let mint_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)?;



    // Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)

    let create_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // payer

        &mint.pubkey(),           // new account (mint)

        mint_rent,                // lamports

        mint_space as u64,        // space

        &token_2022_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize mint account data

    let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(

        &token_2022_program_id(),

        &mint.pubkey(),            // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),       // mint authority

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority

        2,                         // decimals

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &mint],

        recent_blockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;



    println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    // Generate keypair to use as address of token account

    let token_account = Keypair::new();



    // Get token account size (in bytes)

    let token_account_space = Account::LEN;

    let token_account_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(token_account_space)?;



    // Instruction to create new account for token account (token 2022 program)

    let create_token_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),        // payer

        &token_account.pubkey(),    // new account (token account)

        token_account_rent,         // lamports

        token_account_space as u64, // space

        &token_2022_program_id(),   // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize token account data

    let initialize_token_account_instruction = initialize_account(

        &token_2022_program_id(),

        &token_account.pubkey(), // account

        &mint.pubkey(),          // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),     // owner

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[

            create_token_account_instruction,

            initialize_token_account_instruction,

        ],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &token_account],

        recent_blockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;



    println!("Token Account Address: {}", token_account.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    Ok(())

}
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Jak utworzyć powiązane konto tokena

Aby utworzyć powiązane konto tokena, wywołaj instrukcję Create. Implementacje tej instrukcji można znaleźć tutaj.

Instrukcja tworzenia powiązanego konta tokena automatycznie wywołuje System Program w celu utworzenia konta tokena oraz wywołuje Token Program w celu zainicjalizowania danych konta tokena. Dzieje się to za pomocą Cross Program Invocations (CPI).

Typescript

import {

  airdropFactory,

  appendTransactionMessageInstructions,

  createSolanaRpc,

  createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,

  createTransactionMessage,

  generateKeyPairSigner,

  getSignatureFromTransaction,

  lamports,

  pipe,

  sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,

  setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,

  setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,

  signTransactionMessageWithSigners

} from "@solana/kit";

import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

import {

  getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync,

  getInitializeMintInstruction,

  getMintSize,

  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS,

  findAssociatedTokenPda

} from "@solana-program/token-2022";



// Create Connection, local validator in this example

const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://127.0.0.1:8899");

const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");



// Generate keypairs for fee payer

const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Fund fee payer

await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({

  recipientAddress: feePayer.address,

  lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),

  commitment: "confirmed"

});



// Generate keypair to use as address of mint

const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

const space = BigInt(getMintSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();



// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)

// Invokes the system program

const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: mint,

  lamports: rent,

  space,

  programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize mint account data

// Invokes the token 2022 program

const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({

  mint: mint.address,

  decimals: 2,

  mintAuthority: feePayer.address

});



const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx),

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx)

);



// Sign transaction message with all required signers

const signedTransaction =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);



console.log("Mint Address: ", mint.address.toString());

console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature);



// Use findAssociatedTokenPda to derive the ATA address

const [associatedTokenAddress] = await findAssociatedTokenPda({

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address,

  tokenProgram: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



console.log(

  "Associated Token Account Address: ",

  associatedTokenAddress.toString()

);



// Get a fresh blockhash for the second transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash2 } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Create instruction to create the associated token account

const createAtaInstruction = await getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync({

  payer: feePayer,

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address

});



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage2 = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash2, tx),

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions([createAtaInstruction], tx)

);



// Sign transaction message with all required signers

const signedTransaction2 =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage2);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction2,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature2 = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction2);

console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature2);
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Rust

use anyhow::Result;

use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;

use solana_sdk::{

    commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,

    program_pack::Pack,

    signature::{Keypair, Signer},

    system_instruction::create_account,

    transaction::Transaction,

};

use spl_associated_token_account::{

    get_associated_token_address_with_program_id, instruction::create_associated_token_account,

};

use spl_token_2022::{id as token_2022_program_id, instruction::initialize_mint, state::Mint};



fn main() -> Result<()> {

    // Create connection to local validator

    let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(

        String::from("http://127.0.0.1:8899"),

        CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),

    );

    let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;



    // Generate a new keypair for the fee payer

    let fee_payer = Keypair::new();



    // Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer

    let airdrop_signature = client.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)?;

    client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;



    loop {

        let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;

        if confirmed {

            break;

        }

    }



    // Generate keypair to use as address of mint

    let mint = Keypair::new();



    // Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

    let mint_space = Mint::LEN;

    let mint_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)?;



    // Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)

    let create_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // payer

        &mint.pubkey(),           // new account (mint)

        mint_rent,                // lamports

        mint_space as u64,        // space

        &token_2022_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize mint account data

    let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(

        &token_2022_program_id(),

        &mint.pubkey(),            // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),       // mint authority

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority

        2,                         // decimals

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &mint],

        recent_blockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;



    println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    // Get the latest blockhash for the next transaction

    let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;



    // Derive the associated token account address for fee_payer

    let associated_token_account = get_associated_token_address_with_program_id(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // owner

        &mint.pubkey(),           // mint

        &token_2022_program_id(), // program_id

    );



    // Instruction to create associated token account

    let create_ata_instruction = create_associated_token_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // funding address

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // wallet address

        &mint.pubkey(),           // mint address

        &token_2022_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Create transaction and add instruction

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_ata_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer],

        recent_blockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;



    println!(

        "Associated Token Account Address: {}",

        associated_token_account

    );

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    Ok(())

}
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