Permissões de gasto

Os programas de tokens da Solana suportam delegação—conceder a outra conta permissão para transferir tokens da sua conta de tokens até um limite especificado. Isso permite casos de uso como pagamentos automatizados, serviços de custódia e processamento de pagamentos por terceiros sem abrir mão da custódia dos seus fundos.

Como funciona a delegação

Quando você aprova um delegado, está a autorizar uma conta específica a transferir tokens em seu nome:

O proprietário mantém a custódia: Você ainda é dono dos tokens e pode transferir ou revogar a qualquer momento
Gasto limitado: O delegado só pode transferir até o valor aprovado
Um único delegado por conta: Cada conta de tokens só pode ter um delegado ativo
Nova aprovação substitui a antiga: Aprovar um novo delegado revoga automaticamente o anterior

A delegação é não custodial. O delegado pode gastar tokens até o limite, mas não pode aceder ou drenar a conta além do valor aprovado. O proprietário pode revogar a qualquer momento.

Casos de uso empresariais

Caso de uso	Como a delegação ajuda
Processadores de pagamento	O comerciante concede permissão ao processador para liquidar transações
Folha de pagamento automática	A tesouraria aprova o serviço de folha de pagamento para desembolsar salários
Serviços de custódia	O comprador delega ao agente de custódia para liberação condicional
Plataformas de negociação	O utilizador aprova a exchange para executar negociações em seu nome
Emissão de cartões	O utilizador aprova o emissor do cartão para debitar compras na sua conta de tokens

Aprovar um delegado

Conceder permissão a outra conta para gastar tokens da sua conta:

import { getApproveCheckedInstruction } from "@solana-program/token";

// Approve delegate to spend up to 1,000 USDC (6 decimals)
const approveInstruction = getApproveCheckedInstruction({
  source: tokenAccountAddress, // Your token account
  mint: usdcMintAddress, // USDC mint
  delegate: delegateAddress, // Account receiving permission
  owner: ownerKeypair, // You (must sign)
  amount: 1_000_000_000n, // 1,000 USDC in base units
  decimals: 6
});

Parâmetros:

source: A token account que concede a permissão
delegate: A conta que terá permissão de gasto
owner: Proprietário atual da token account (deve assinar a transação)
amount: Quantidade máxima de tokens que o delegado pode transferir
decimals: Decimais do token para validação (previne erros de casas decimais)

Demonstração

Approve Delegate



// Generate keypairs for sender and delegate
const sender = (await generateKeypair()).signer;
const delegate = (await generateKeypair()).signer;

console.log("Sender Address:", sender.address);
console.log("Delegate Address:", delegate.address);

// Demo Setup: Create client, mint account, token account, and fund with initial tokens
const { client, mint, senderAta } = await demoSetup(sender);

console.log("\nMint Address:", mint.address);
console.log("Sender ATA:", senderAta);

// =============================================================================
// Approve Delegate
// =============================================================================

// Create instruction to approve delegate
const approveInstruction = getApproveCheckedInstruction({
  source: senderAta,
  mint: mint.address,
  delegate: delegate.address,
  owner: sender,
  amount: 1_000_000n, // 1.0 tokens with 6 decimals
  decimals: 6
});

// Send approve transaction
const signature = await client.transaction.prepareAndSend({
  authority: sender,
  instructions: [approveInstruction]
});

console.log("\n=== Approve Delegate ===");
console.log("Transaction Signature:", signature);

// Fetch token account data to show delegate is set
const tokenData = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, senderAta);
console.log("\nSender Token Account Data:", tokenData.data);

// =============================================================================
// Demo Setup Helper Function
// =============================================================================

Console

Click to execute the code.

Approve Delegate



// Generate keypairs for sender and delegate
const sender = (await generateKeypair()).signer;
const delegate = (await generateKeypair()).signer;

console.log("Sender Address:", sender.address);
console.log("Delegate Address:", delegate.address);

// Demo Setup: Create client, mint account, token account, and fund with initial tokens
const { client, mint, senderAta } = await demoSetup(sender);

console.log("\nMint Address:", mint.address);
console.log("Sender ATA:", senderAta);

// =============================================================================
// Approve Delegate
// =============================================================================

// Create instruction to approve delegate
const approveInstruction = getApproveCheckedInstruction({
  source: senderAta,
  mint: mint.address,
  delegate: delegate.address,
  owner: sender,
  amount: 1_000_000n, // 1.0 tokens with 6 decimals
  decimals: 6
});

// Send approve transaction
const signature = await client.transaction.prepareAndSend({
  authority: sender,
  instructions: [approveInstruction]
});

console.log("\n=== Approve Delegate ===");
console.log("Transaction Signature:", signature);

// Fetch token account data to show delegate is set
const tokenData = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, senderAta);
console.log("\nSender Token Account Data:", tokenData.data);

// =============================================================================
// Demo Setup Helper Function
// =============================================================================

Console

Click to execute the code.

Revogar um delegado

Remover todas as permissões de gasto do delegado atual:

import { getRevokeInstruction } from "@solana-program/token";

const revokeInstruction = getRevokeInstruction({
  source: tokenAccountAddress, // Your token account
  owner: ownerKeypair // You (must sign)
});

Revogar remove todas as permissões do delegado—não há revogação parcial. Se precisar reduzir o limite, aprove o mesmo delegado com um valor menor.

Demonstração

Revoke Delegate



// Generate keypairs for sender and delegate
const sender = (await generateKeypair()).signer;
const delegate = (await generateKeypair()).signer;

console.log("Sender Address:", sender.address);
console.log("Delegate Address:", delegate.address);

// Demo Setup: Create client, mint account, token account, and fund with initial tokens
const { client, mint, senderAta } = await demoSetup(sender);

console.log("\nMint Address:", mint.address);
console.log("Sender ATA:", senderAta);

// =============================================================================
// Transaction 1: Approve Delegate
// =============================================================================

// Create instruction to approve delegate
const approveInstruction = getApproveCheckedInstruction({
  source: senderAta,
  mint: mint.address,
  delegate: delegate.address,
  owner: sender,
  amount: 1_000_000n, // 1.0 tokens with 6 decimals
  decimals: 6
});

// Send approve transaction
const approveSignature = await client.transaction.prepareAndSend({
  authority: sender,
  instructions: [approveInstruction]
});

console.log("\n=== Transaction 1: Approve Delegate ===");
console.log("Transaction Signature:", approveSignature);

// Fetch token account data to show delegate is set
const tokenDataAfterApprove = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, senderAta);
console.log("\nSender Token Account Data:", tokenDataAfterApprove.data);

// =============================================================================
// Transaction 2: Revoke Delegate
// =============================================================================

// Create instruction to revoke delegate
const revokeInstruction = getRevokeInstruction({
  source: senderAta,
  owner: sender
});

// Send revoke transaction
const revokeSignature = await client.transaction.prepareAndSend({
  authority: sender,
  instructions: [revokeInstruction]
});

console.log("\n=== Transaction 2: Revoke Delegate ===");
console.log("Transaction Signature:", revokeSignature);

// Fetch token account data to show delegate is revoked
const tokenDataAfterRevoke = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, senderAta);
console.log("\nSender Token Account Data:", tokenDataAfterRevoke.data);

// =============================================================================
// Demo Setup Helper Function
// =============================================================================

Console

Click to execute the code.

Revoke Delegate



// Generate keypairs for sender and delegate
const sender = (await generateKeypair()).signer;
const delegate = (await generateKeypair()).signer;

console.log("Sender Address:", sender.address);
console.log("Delegate Address:", delegate.address);

// Demo Setup: Create client, mint account, token account, and fund with initial tokens
const { client, mint, senderAta } = await demoSetup(sender);

console.log("\nMint Address:", mint.address);
console.log("Sender ATA:", senderAta);

// =============================================================================
// Transaction 1: Approve Delegate
// =============================================================================

// Create instruction to approve delegate
const approveInstruction = getApproveCheckedInstruction({
  source: senderAta,
  mint: mint.address,
  delegate: delegate.address,
  owner: sender,
  amount: 1_000_000n, // 1.0 tokens with 6 decimals
  decimals: 6
});

// Send approve transaction
const approveSignature = await client.transaction.prepareAndSend({
  authority: sender,
  instructions: [approveInstruction]
});

console.log("\n=== Transaction 1: Approve Delegate ===");
console.log("Transaction Signature:", approveSignature);

// Fetch token account data to show delegate is set
const tokenDataAfterApprove = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, senderAta);
console.log("\nSender Token Account Data:", tokenDataAfterApprove.data);

// =============================================================================
// Transaction 2: Revoke Delegate
// =============================================================================

// Create instruction to revoke delegate
const revokeInstruction = getRevokeInstruction({
  source: senderAta,
  owner: sender
});

// Send revoke transaction
const revokeSignature = await client.transaction.prepareAndSend({
  authority: sender,
  instructions: [revokeInstruction]
});

console.log("\n=== Transaction 2: Revoke Delegate ===");
console.log("Transaction Signature:", revokeSignature);

// Fetch token account data to show delegate is revoked
const tokenDataAfterRevoke = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, senderAta);
console.log("\nSender Token Account Data:", tokenDataAfterRevoke.data);

// =============================================================================
// Demo Setup Helper Function
// =============================================================================

Console

Click to execute the code.

Transferir como delegado

Ao atuar como delegado, use uma transferência padrão mas assine com o keypair do delegado em vez do proprietário:

Transfer as Delegate

import { getTransferCheckedInstruction } from "@solana-program/token";

const transferInstruction = getTransferCheckedInstruction({
  source: ownerTokenAccount, // The account you have permission to spend from
  mint: usdcMintAddress,
  destination: recipientTokenAccount,
  authority: delegateKeypair, // You (the delegate) sign, not the owner
  amount: 100_000_000n, // 100 USDC
  decimals: 6
});

A transferência será bem-sucedida se:

A conta de origem tiver saldo suficiente
O delegado assinar a transação

Cada transferência reduz o limite restante. Quando o limite chega a zero, o delegado não pode mais transferir tokens.

Demonstração

Transfer as Delegate



// Generate keypairs for sender, delegate, and recipient
const sender = (await generateKeypair()).signer;
const delegate = (await generateKeypair()).signer;
const recipient = (await generateKeypair()).signer;

console.log("Sender Address:", sender.address);
console.log("Delegate Address:", delegate.address);
console.log("Recipient Address:", recipient.address);

// Demo Setup: Create client, mint account, token accounts, and fund with initial tokens
const { client, mint, senderAta, recipientAta } = await demoSetup(
  sender,
  delegate,
  recipient
);

console.log("\nMint Address:", mint.address);
console.log("Sender ATA:", senderAta);
console.log("Recipient ATA:", recipientAta);

// =============================================================================
// Transaction 1: Approve Delegate
// =============================================================================

// Create instruction to approve delegate
const approveInstruction = getApproveCheckedInstruction({
  source: senderAta,
  mint: mint.address,
  delegate: delegate.address,
  owner: sender,
  amount: 1_000_000n, // 1.0 tokens with 6 decimals
  decimals: 6
});

// Send approve transaction
const approveSignature = await client.transaction.prepareAndSend({
  authority: sender,
  instructions: [approveInstruction]
});

console.log("\n=== Transaction 1: Approve Delegate ===");
console.log("Delegate Address:", delegate.address);
console.log("Transaction Signature:", approveSignature);

// =============================================================================
// Fetch Token Account Data to Demonstrate Delegate is Set
// =============================================================================

const tokenAccountData = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, senderAta);
console.log("\nSender Token Account Data:", tokenAccountData.data);

// =============================================================================
// Transaction 2: Transfer Using Delegate
// =============================================================================

// Create instruction to transfer tokens using delegate
// Note: delegate is the authority here, not the owner
const transferInstruction = getTransferCheckedInstruction({
  source: senderAta,
  mint: mint.address,
  destination: recipientAta,
  authority: delegate, // Delegate signs this transaction
  amount: 500_000n, // 0.5 tokens with 6 decimals
  decimals: 6
});

// Send transfer transaction
// Delegate pays for the transaction and authorizes the transfer (sender not needed)
const transferSignature = await client.transaction.prepareAndSend({
  authority: delegate, // Delegate pays fee and signs
  instructions: [transferInstruction]
});

// =============================================================================
// Fetch Final Token Account Balances
// =============================================================================

const finalSenderToken = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, senderAta);
const finalRecipientToken = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, recipientAta);

console.log("\n=== Transaction 2: Transfer Using Delegate ===");
console.log("Transaction Signature:", transferSignature);
console.log("\nSender Token Account Data:", finalSenderToken.data);
console.log("\nRecipient Token Account Data:", finalRecipientToken.data);

// =============================================================================
// Demo Setup Helper Function
// =============================================================================

Console

Click to execute the code.

Transfer as Delegate



// Generate keypairs for sender, delegate, and recipient
const sender = (await generateKeypair()).signer;
const delegate = (await generateKeypair()).signer;
const recipient = (await generateKeypair()).signer;

console.log("Sender Address:", sender.address);
console.log("Delegate Address:", delegate.address);
console.log("Recipient Address:", recipient.address);

// Demo Setup: Create client, mint account, token accounts, and fund with initial tokens
const { client, mint, senderAta, recipientAta } = await demoSetup(
  sender,
  delegate,
  recipient
);

console.log("\nMint Address:", mint.address);
console.log("Sender ATA:", senderAta);
console.log("Recipient ATA:", recipientAta);

// =============================================================================
// Transaction 1: Approve Delegate
// =============================================================================

// Create instruction to approve delegate
const approveInstruction = getApproveCheckedInstruction({
  source: senderAta,
  mint: mint.address,
  delegate: delegate.address,
  owner: sender,
  amount: 1_000_000n, // 1.0 tokens with 6 decimals
  decimals: 6
});

// Send approve transaction
const approveSignature = await client.transaction.prepareAndSend({
  authority: sender,
  instructions: [approveInstruction]
});

console.log("\n=== Transaction 1: Approve Delegate ===");
console.log("Delegate Address:", delegate.address);
console.log("Transaction Signature:", approveSignature);

// =============================================================================
// Fetch Token Account Data to Demonstrate Delegate is Set
// =============================================================================

const tokenAccountData = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, senderAta);
console.log("\nSender Token Account Data:", tokenAccountData.data);

// =============================================================================
// Transaction 2: Transfer Using Delegate
// =============================================================================

// Create instruction to transfer tokens using delegate
// Note: delegate is the authority here, not the owner
const transferInstruction = getTransferCheckedInstruction({
  source: senderAta,
  mint: mint.address,
  destination: recipientAta,
  authority: delegate, // Delegate signs this transaction
  amount: 500_000n, // 0.5 tokens with 6 decimals
  decimals: 6
});

// Send transfer transaction
// Delegate pays for the transaction and authorizes the transfer (sender not needed)
const transferSignature = await client.transaction.prepareAndSend({
  authority: delegate, // Delegate pays fee and signs
  instructions: [transferInstruction]
});

// =============================================================================
// Fetch Final Token Account Balances
// =============================================================================

const finalSenderToken = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, senderAta);
const finalRecipientToken = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, recipientAta);

console.log("\n=== Transaction 2: Transfer Using Delegate ===");
console.log("Transaction Signature:", transferSignature);
console.log("\nSender Token Account Data:", finalSenderToken.data);
console.log("\nRecipient Token Account Data:", finalRecipientToken.data);

// =============================================================================
// Demo Setup Helper Function
// =============================================================================

Console

Click to execute the code.

Verificar o estado da delegação

Consultar uma token account para ver o seu delegado atual e o limite restante:

import { fetchToken } from "@solana-program/token";

const tokenAccount = await fetchToken(rpc, tokenAccountAddress);

if (tokenAccount.data.delegate) {
  console.log("Delegate:", tokenAccount.data.delegate);
  console.log("Remaining allowance:", tokenAccount.data.delegatedAmount);
} else {
  console.log("No delegate set");
}

Demo

Check Delegation Status



// Demo Setup: Create client, mint, two token accounts (one with delegate, one without)
const { client, ataWithDelegate, ataWithoutDelegate } = await demoSetup();

// =============================================================================
// Fetch Token Accounts
// =============================================================================

// Fetch token account with delegate
const tokenWithDelegate = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, ataWithDelegate);
console.log("Token Account with Delegate:", tokenWithDelegate);

// Fetch token account without delegate
const tokenWithoutDelegate = await fetchToken(
  client.runtime.rpc,
  ataWithoutDelegate
);
console.log("\nToken Account without Delegate:", tokenWithoutDelegate);

// =============================================================================
// Demo Setup Helper Function
// =============================================================================

Console

Click to execute the code.

Check Delegation Status



// Demo Setup: Create client, mint, two token accounts (one with delegate, one without)
const { client, ataWithDelegate, ataWithoutDelegate } = await demoSetup();

// =============================================================================
// Fetch Token Accounts
// =============================================================================

// Fetch token account with delegate
const tokenWithDelegate = await fetchToken(client.runtime.rpc, ataWithDelegate);
console.log("Token Account with Delegate:", tokenWithDelegate);

// Fetch token account without delegate
const tokenWithoutDelegate = await fetchToken(
  client.runtime.rpc,
  ataWithoutDelegate
);
console.log("\nToken Account without Delegate:", tokenWithoutDelegate);

// =============================================================================
// Demo Setup Helper Function
// =============================================================================

Console

Click to execute the code.

Considerações de segurança

Para proprietários de contas:

Aprove apenas delegados de confiança
Defina o limite de gastos mínimo necessário
Revogue delegações quando já não forem necessárias
Monitorize as suas contas para transferências inesperadas

Para fornecedores de serviços (delegados):

Comunique claramente o limite de gastos solicitado aos utilizadores
Implemente uma gestão adequada de chaves para a sua conta de delegado
Acompanhe o consumo de permissões para solicitar nova aprovação antes que os limites se esgotem

Delegação vs. custódia

Aspeto	Delegação	Custódia total
Propriedade dos tokens	O utilizador mantém	O utilizador transfere para o custodiante
Controlo de gastos	Limitado ao montante aprovado	Acesso total aos fundos transferidos
Revogação	Instantânea, pelo proprietário	Requer cooperação do custodiante
Exposição ao risco	Limitada ao montante aprovado	Saldo total
Confiança necessária	Limitada	Elevada

A delegação oferece um meio-termo—permitindo pagamentos automatizados enquanto limita a exposição ao risco ao montante aprovado.

Recursos relacionados

Recurso	Descrição
Aprovar delegado	Como conceder a outra conta permissão para gastar da sua token account.
Revogar delegado	Como remover um delegado existente e revogar as suas permissões de gasto.
Transferir token	Como transferir tokens entre token accounts.

Índice