Solana DokümantasyonuSolana'daki tokenlerTemel Bilgiler

Token Hesabı Oluşturma

Token Hesabı Nedir?

Bir token hesabı, belirli bir tokenin bakiyesini saklar. Her token hesabı tam olarak bir mint ile ilişkilendirilir ve token bakiyenizi ve ek detayları takip eder.

Token Account Type
/// Account data.

#[repr(C)]

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]

pub struct Account {

    /// The mint associated with this account

    pub mint: Pubkey,

    /// The owner of this account.

    pub owner: Pubkey,

    /// The amount of tokens this account holds.

    pub amount: u64,

    /// If `delegate` is `Some` then `delegated_amount` represents

    /// the amount authorized by the delegate

    pub delegate: COption<Pubkey>,

    /// The account's state

    pub state: AccountState,

    /// If `is_native.is_some`, this is a native token, and the value logs the

    /// rent-exempt reserve. An Account is required to be rent-exempt, so

    /// the value is used by the Processor to ensure that wrapped SOL

    /// accounts do not drop below this threshold.

    pub is_native: COption<u64>,

    /// The amount delegated

    pub delegated_amount: u64,

    /// Optional authority to close the account.

    pub close_authority: COption<Pubkey>,

}

Kaynak kodunda, geliştiricilerin Token hesabını Account türü olarak adlandırdığını unutmayın. Hem Token Program hem de Token Extensions Program Token hesabı için aynı temel uygulamayı paylaşır.

Tokenleri tutmak için, o belirli mint için bir token hesabına ihtiyacınız vardır. Her token hesabı şunları takip eder:

  1. Mint: Tuttuğu belirli token türü
  2. Sahip: Bu hesaptan tokenleri transfer edebilen yetkili

Örnek: USD Coin (USDC)

  • Mint adresi: EPjFWdd5AufqSSqeM2qN1xzybapC8G4wEGGkZwyTDt1v
  • Circle'ın token hesabı: 3emsAVdmGKERbHjmGfQ6oZ1e35dkf5iYcS6U4CPKFVaa
  • Bu hesap sadece USDC tokenleri tutar
  • Circle, token hesabı sahibi yetkisi aracılığıyla tokeni kontrol eder: 7VHUFJHWu2CuExkJcJrzhQPJ2oygupTWkL2A2For4BmE

Bu token hesabının detaylarını Solana Explorer üzerinde görüntüleyebilirsiniz.

"Sahip" Terminolojisini Anlamak

"Sahip" terimi iki farklı bağlamda kullanılabilir:

  1. Token Hesabı Sahibi: Tokenleri transfer edebilen, yakabilen veya devredebilen yetkili. Bu, token hesabının verilerinde saklanır.

  2. Program Sahibi: Hesabın sahibi olan program (token hesapları için her zaman Token Program veya Token Extensions Program).

Token hesaplarıyla çalışırken, "sahip" genellikle hesabın sahibi olan programa değil, tokenleri transfer edebilen yetkiliyi ifade eder.

Associated Token Account Nedir?

Associated token account (ATA), bir cüzdanın belirli bir tokeni tutması için varsayılan token hesabıdır. Associated Token Program tarafından oluşturulan deterministik bir adres (PDA) kullanır.

Yalnızca Associated Token Program tarafından oluşturulan token hesapları "associated token accounts" olarak adlandırılır.

ATA'lar belirleyici adresler kullanır, bu da herhangi bir cüzdanın belirli bir mint için token hesabını bulmanızı kolaylaştırır. Türetme uygulamasını burada görebilirsiniz.

Associated Token Account Address Derivation
pub fn get_associated_token_address_and_bump_seed_internal(

    wallet_address: &Pubkey,

    token_mint_address: &Pubkey,

    program_id: &Pubkey,

    token_program_id: &Pubkey,

) -> (Pubkey, u8) {

    Pubkey::find_program_address(

        &[

            &wallet_address.to_bytes(), // Owner's public key

            &token_program_id.to_bytes(), // Token Program or Token Extension Program

            &token_mint_address.to_bytes(), // Token mint address

        ],

        program_id, // Associated Token Program ID

    )

}

Herhangi bir cüzdan ve token kombinasyonu için tam olarak bir ATA adresi vardır. Bu, token hesap adreslerini manuel olarak takip etme ihtiyacını ortadan kaldırır—her zaman doğru adresi türetebilirsiniz.

Associated Token Program Nasıl Çalışır

Associated Token Program şunları yapan bir yardımcıdır:

  • Belirleyici adreslerde (PDA'lar) token hesapları oluşturur
  • Token Program'a Cross-Program Invocation (CPI) yapar
  • Kendisi herhangi bir durum bilgisi tutmaz

Oluşturulan token hesapları Token Program tarafından sahiplenilir ve standart Account yapısını kullanır.

Token Hesabı Nasıl Oluşturulur

Token hesabı oluşturmak için InitializeAccount talimatı gereklidir. Uygulamayı burada görebilirsiniz.

Token hesabı oluşturmak için iki talimata ihtiyacınız vardır:

  1. System Program: Token hesabı için ayrılmış alanı olan bir hesap oluşturun ve sahipliği Token Program'a aktarın
  2. Token Program: Token hesap verilerini başlatın

Typescript

import {

  airdropFactory,

  appendTransactionMessageInstructions,

  createSolanaRpc,

  createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,

  createTransactionMessage,

  generateKeyPairSigner,

  getSignatureFromTransaction,

  lamports,

  pipe,

  sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,

  setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,

  setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,

  signTransactionMessageWithSigners

} from "@solana/kit";

import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

import {

  getInitializeAccount2Instruction,

  getInitializeMintInstruction,

  getMintSize,

  getTokenSize,

  TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

} from "@solana-program/token";



// Create Connection, local validator in this example

const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://localhost:8899");

const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");



// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Generate keypairs for fee payer

const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Fund fee payer

await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({

  recipientAddress: feePayer.address,

  lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),

  commitment: "confirmed"

});



// Generate keypair to use as address of mint

const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

const space = BigInt(getMintSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();



// Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)

// Invokes the system program

const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: mint,

  lamports: rent,

  space,

  programAddress: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize mint account data

// Invokes the token program

const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({

  mint: mint.address,

  decimals: 2,

  mintAuthority: feePayer.address

});



const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx) // Append instructions

);



// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and mint keypair)

const signedTransaction =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);



console.log("Mint Address:", mint.address);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature);



// Generate keypair to use as address of token account

const tokenAccount = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get token account size (in bytes)

const tokenAccountSpace = BigInt(getTokenSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const tokenAccountRent = await rpc

  .getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(tokenAccountSpace)

  .send();



// Instruction to create new account for token account (token program)

// Invokes the system program

const createTokenAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: tokenAccount,

  lamports: tokenAccountRent,

  space: tokenAccountSpace,

  programAddress: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize token account data

// Invokes the token program

const initializeTokenAccountInstruction = getInitializeAccount2Instruction({

  account: tokenAccount.address,

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address

});



const instructions2 = [

  createTokenAccountInstruction,

  initializeTokenAccountInstruction

];



// Create transaction message for token account creation

const tokenAccountMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions2, tx) // Append instructions

);



// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and token account keypair)

const signedTokenAccountTx =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(tokenAccountMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTokenAccountTx,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature2 = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTokenAccountTx);



console.log("Token Account Address:", tokenAccount.address);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature2);
Console
Click to execute the code.

Rust

use anyhow::Result;

use solana_client::nonblocking::rpc_client::RpcClient;

use solana_sdk::{

    commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,

    program_pack::Pack,

    signature::{Keypair, Signer},

    system_instruction::create_account,

    transaction::Transaction,

};

use spl_token::{

    id as token_program_id,

    instruction::{initialize_account, initialize_mint},

    state::{Account, Mint},

};



#[tokio::main]

async fn main() -> Result<()> {

    // Create connection to local validator

    let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(

        String::from("http://localhost:8899"),

        CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),

    );

    let latestBlockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash().await?;



    // Generate a new keypair for the fee payer

    let fee_payer = Keypair::new();



    // Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer

    let airdrop_signature = client

        .request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)

        .await?;

    client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;



    loop {

        let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;

        if confirmed {

            break;

        }

    }



    // Generate keypair to use as address of mint

    let mint = Keypair::new();



    // Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

    let mint_space = Mint::LEN;

    let mint_rent = client

        .get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)

        .await?;



    // Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)

    let create_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // payer

        &mint.pubkey(),           // new account (mint)

        mint_rent,                // lamports

        mint_space as u64,        // space

        &token_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize mint account data

    let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(

        &token_program_id(),

        &mint.pubkey(),            // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),       // mint authority

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority

        2,                         // decimals

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &mint],

        latestBlockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;



    println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    // Generate keypair to use as address of token account

    let token_account = Keypair::new();



    // Get token account size (in bytes)

    let token_account_space = Account::LEN;

    let token_account_rent = client

        .get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(token_account_space)

        .await?;



    // Instruction to create new account for token account (token program)

    let create_token_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),        // payer

        &token_account.pubkey(),    // new account (token account)

        token_account_rent,         // lamports

        token_account_space as u64, // space

        &token_program_id(),   // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize token account data

    let initialize_token_account_instruction = initialize_account(

        &token_program_id(),

        &token_account.pubkey(), // account

        &mint.pubkey(),          // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),     // owner

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[

            create_token_account_instruction,

            initialize_token_account_instruction,

        ],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &token_account],

        latestBlockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;



    println!("Token Account Address: {}", token_account.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    Ok(())

}
Console
Click to execute the code.

Associated Token Account Nasıl Oluşturulur

Associated Token Account (ATA) oluşturmak için ---INLINE-CODE-PLACEHOLDER-85c08564ca556b926744bf94497c4af2--- talimatı gereklidir. Buradaki uygulamaya bakın.

Bu tek talimat, Cross Program Invocation (CPI) aracılığıyla token hesabını oluşturmayı ve başlatmayı otomatik olarak yönetir.

Typescript

import {

  airdropFactory,

  appendTransactionMessageInstructions,

  createSolanaRpc,

  createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,

  createTransactionMessage,

  generateKeyPairSigner,

  getSignatureFromTransaction,

  lamports,

  pipe,

  sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,

  setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,

  setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,

  signTransactionMessageWithSigners

} from "@solana/kit";

import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

import {

  getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync,

  getInitializeMintInstruction,

  getMintSize,

  TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS,

  findAssociatedTokenPda

} from "@solana-program/token";



// Create Connection, local validator in this example

const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://localhost:8899");

const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");



// Generate keypairs for fee payer

const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Fund fee payer

await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({

  recipientAddress: feePayer.address,

  lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),

  commitment: "confirmed"

});



// Generate keypair to use as address of mint

const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

const space = BigInt(getMintSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();



// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)

// Invokes the system program

const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: mint,

  lamports: rent,

  space,

  programAddress: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize mint account data

// Invokes the token program

const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({

  mint: mint.address,

  decimals: 2,

  mintAuthority: feePayer.address

});



const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx),

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx)

);



// Sign transaction message with all required signers

const signedTransaction =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);



console.log("Mint Address:", mint.address.toString());

console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature);



// Use findAssociatedTokenPda to derive the ATA address

const [associatedTokenAddress] = await findAssociatedTokenPda({

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address,

  tokenProgram: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



console.log(

  "Associated Token Account Address:",

  associatedTokenAddress.toString()

);



// Get a fresh blockhash for the second transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash2 } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Create instruction to create the associated token account

const createAtaInstruction = await getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync({

  payer: feePayer,

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address

});



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage2 = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash2, tx),

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions([createAtaInstruction], tx)

);



// Sign transaction message with all required signers

const signedTransaction2 =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage2);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction2,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature2 = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction2);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature2);
Console
Click to execute the code.

Rust

use anyhow::Result;

use solana_client::nonblocking::rpc_client::RpcClient;

use solana_sdk::{

    commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,

    program_pack::Pack,

    signature::{Keypair, Signer},

    system_instruction::create_account,

    transaction::Transaction,

};

use spl_associated_token_account::{

    get_associated_token_address_with_program_id, instruction::create_associated_token_account,

};

use spl_token::{id as token_program_id, instruction::initialize_mint, state::Mint};



#[tokio::main]

async fn main() -> Result<()> {

    // Create connection to local validator

    let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(

        String::from("http://localhost:8899"),

        CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),

    );

    let latestBlockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash().await?;



    // Generate a new keypair for the fee payer

    let fee_payer = Keypair::new();



    // Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer

    let airdrop_signature = client

        .request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)

        .await?;

    client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;



    loop {

        let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;

        if confirmed {

            break;

        }

    }



    // Generate keypair to use as address of mint

    let mint = Keypair::new();



    // Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

    let mint_space = Mint::LEN;

    let mint_rent = client

        .get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)

        .await?;



    // Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)

    let create_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // payer

        &mint.pubkey(),           // new account (mint)

        mint_rent,                // lamports

        mint_space as u64,        // space

        &token_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize mint account data

    let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(

        &token_program_id(),

        &mint.pubkey(),            // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),       // mint authority

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority

        2,                         // decimals

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &mint],

        latestBlockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;



    println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    // Get the latest blockhash for the next transaction

    let latestBlockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash().await?;



    // Derive the associated token account address for fee_payer

    let associated_token_account = get_associated_token_address_with_program_id(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // owner

        &mint.pubkey(),           // mint

        &token_program_id(), // program_id

    );



    // Instruction to create associated token account

    let create_ata_instruction = create_associated_token_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // funding address

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // wallet address (owner)

        &mint.pubkey(),           // mint address

        &token_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Create transaction for associated token account creation

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_ata_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer],

        latestBlockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;



    println!(

        "Associated Token Account Address: {}",

        associated_token_account.to_string()

    );

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    Ok(())

}
Console
Click to execute the code.

Python

Python
#!/usr/bin/env python3



import asyncio

from solana.rpc.async_api import AsyncClient

from solders.keypair import Keypair

from solders.pubkey import Pubkey

from solders.transaction import VersionedTransaction

from solders.message import MessageV0

from spl.token.instructions import create_associated_token_account, get_associated_token_address

from spl.token.constants import TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID, ASSOCIATED_TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID



async def main():

    rpc = AsyncClient("http://localhost:8899")



    payer = Keypair()

    owner = Keypair()



    # Example mint address (USDC on devnet)

    mint_address = Pubkey.from_string("4zMMC9srt5Ri5X14GAgXhaHii3GnPAEERYPJgZJDncDU")



    # Get associated token account address

    associated_token_account = get_associated_token_address(owner.pubkey(), mint_address)



    async with rpc:

        # Get latest blockhash

        recent_blockhash = await rpc.get_latest_blockhash()



        # Create associated token account instruction

        create_token_account_instruction = create_associated_token_account(

            payer=payer.pubkey(),

            owner=owner.pubkey(),

            mint=mint_address,

            token_program_id=TOKEN_PROGRAM_ID

        )



        # Create message

        message = MessageV0.try_compile(

            payer=payer.pubkey(),

            instructions=[create_token_account_instruction],

            address_lookup_table_accounts=[],

            recent_blockhash=recent_blockhash.value.blockhash

        )



        # Create transaction

        transaction = VersionedTransaction(message, [payer])



        print(f"Payer: {payer.pubkey()}")

        print(f"Owner: {owner.pubkey()}")

        print(f"Associated Token Account: {associated_token_account}")

        print(f"Mint: {mint_address}")

        print(f"Associated token account created successfully")



if __name__ == "__main__":

    asyncio.run(main())
Console
Click to execute the code.

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