Solana DokümantasyonuSolana'daki tokenlerTemel Bilgiler

Token Hesabı Oluşturma

Token Hesabı Nedir?

Token account, Solana'nın Token Programlarında belirli bir token'ın (mint) bir kişinin sahipliği hakkında bilgi depolayan bir hesap türüdür. Her token account tek bir mint ile ilişkilendirilir ve token bakiyesi ve sahibi gibi detayları takip eder.

Token Account Type
/// Account data.

#[repr(C)]

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]

pub struct Account {

    /// The mint associated with this account

    pub mint: Pubkey,

    /// The owner of this account.

    pub owner: Pubkey,

    /// The amount of tokens this account holds.

    pub amount: u64,

    /// If `delegate` is `Some` then `delegated_amount` represents

    /// the amount authorized by the delegate

    pub delegate: COption<Pubkey>,

    /// The account's state

    pub state: AccountState,

    /// If `is_native.is_some`, this is a native token, and the value logs the

    /// rent-exempt reserve. An Account is required to be rent-exempt, so

    /// the value is used by the Processor to ensure that wrapped SOL

    /// accounts do not drop below this threshold.

    pub is_native: COption<u64>,

    /// The amount delegated

    pub delegated_amount: u64,

    /// Optional authority to close the account.

    pub close_authority: COption<Pubkey>,

}

Kaynak kodunda, geliştiricilerin Token hesabını Account türü olarak adlandırdığını unutmayın. Hem Token Program hem de Token Extension Program Token hesabı için aynı temel uygulamayı paylaşır.

Belirli bir mint için token tutmak için, kullanıcıların önce bir token account oluşturması gerekir. Her token account şunları takip eder:

  1. Belirli bir mint (token hesabının tuttuğu token türü)
  2. Bir sahip (hesaptan token aktarma yetkisine sahip olan otorite)

İşte Solana üzerindeki USD Coin (USDC) kullanarak bir örnek:

  • USD Coin mint adresi: EPjFWdd5AufqSSqeM2qN1xzybapC8G4wEGGkZwyTDt1v
  • Circle (USD Coin ihraççısı) 3emsAVdmGKERbHjmGfQ6oZ1e35dkf5iYcS6U4CPKFVaa adresinde bir token account'a sahiptir
  • Bu token account sadece USD Coin token (mint) birimlerini tutar
  • Circle, 7VHUFJHWu2CuExkJcJrzhQPJ2oygupTWkL2A2For4BmE adresinde sahip yetkisine sahiptir ve bu tokenleri transfer edebilir

Bu token account'ın detaylarını Solana Explorer üzerinde görüntüleyebilirsiniz.

"Sahip" terimi iki farklı bağlamda kullanılır:

  1. Token account "sahibi" - Bu, token account'ın verilerinde Token Programı tarafından tanımlanan Account türünün "owner" alanı olarak saklanan bir adrestir. Sahip, hesaptan token transfer edebilir, yakabilir veya devredebilir. Bu adres, bazen program sahibinden ayırt etmek için token account'ın "yetkisi" olarak da adlandırılır.

  2. Program "owner" - Bu, Solana'daki hesap verilerinin sahibi olan programı ifade eder. Token hesapları için bu, her zaman ya Token Program ya da Token Extension Program'dır ve temel Solana Account tipinin "owner" alanında belirtilir.

Token hesaplarıyla çalışırken, "owner" genellikle hesabın sahibi olan programı değil, tokenleri harcama yetkisine sahip olan otoriteyi ifade eder.

Associated Token Account nedir?

Associated token account, Associated Token Program tarafından oluşturulan Program Derived Address (PDA) olan bir adrese sahip token hesabıdır. Associated token account'u, bir kullanıcının belirli bir token'ın (mint) birimlerini tutmak için kullandığı varsayılan token hesabı olarak düşünebilirsiniz.

"Associated token accounts" terimi yalnızca Associated Token Program'ın oluşturduğu token hesapları için geçerlidir.

Associated token account'lar, herhangi bir mint için bir kullanıcının token hesabını belirleyici bir şekilde bulmanın yolunu sağlar. Türetmenin uygulamasını burada inceleyebilirsiniz.

Associated Token Account Address Derivation
pub fn get_associated_token_address_and_bump_seed_internal(

    wallet_address: &Pubkey,

    token_mint_address: &Pubkey,

    program_id: &Pubkey,

    token_program_id: &Pubkey,

) -> (Pubkey, u8) {

    Pubkey::find_program_address(

        &[

            &wallet_address.to_bytes(), // Owner's public key

            &token_program_id.to_bytes(), // Token Program or Token Extension Program

            &token_mint_address.to_bytes(), // Token mint address

        ],

        program_id, // Associated Token Program ID

    )

}

Bu belirleyici türetme, herhangi bir cüzdan adresi ve token mint kombinasyonu için tam olarak bir associated token account adresi olduğunu garanti eder. Bu yaklaşım, herhangi bir token mint için bir kullanıcının token hesabını bulma işlemini basitleştirir ve token hesap adreslerini ayrıca takip etme ihtiyacını ortadan kaldırır.

Associated Token Program, belirleyici adreslerle (PDA'lar) token hesapları oluşturan bir yardımcı program olarak işlev görür. Associated token account oluştururken, Associated Token Program, Token Program veya Token Extension Program'a bir CPI (Cross-Program Invocation) yapar. Token programı, token programında tanımlanan aynı Account tip yapısına sahip olan oluşturulan hesabın sahibidir. Associated Token Program hiçbir durum tutmaz - sadece belirleyici bir adreste (PDA olan) token hesapları oluşturmak için standartlaştırılmış bir yol sunar.

Token Account Nasıl Oluşturulur

Token Account oluşturmak için InitializeAccount talimatını çağırın. Bu talimatın uygulamalarını burada bulabilirsiniz.

Token account oluşturmak için işlem iki talimat gerektirir:

  1. Token account için alan oluşturmak ve ayırmak için System Program'ı çağırın ve sahipliği Token Program'a aktarın.
  2. Token account verilerini başlatmak için Token Program'ı çağırın.

Typescript

import {

  airdropFactory,

  appendTransactionMessageInstructions,

  createSolanaRpc,

  createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,

  createTransactionMessage,

  generateKeyPairSigner,

  getSignatureFromTransaction,

  lamports,

  pipe,

  sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,

  setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,

  setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,

  signTransactionMessageWithSigners

} from "@solana/kit";

import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

import {

  getInitializeAccount2Instruction,

  getInitializeMintInstruction,

  getMintSize,

  getTokenSize,

  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

} from "@solana-program/token-2022";



// Create Connection, local validator in this example

const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://127.0.0.1:8899");

const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");



// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Generate keypairs for fee payer

const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Fund fee payer

await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({

  recipientAddress: feePayer.address,

  lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),

  commitment: "confirmed"

});



// Generate keypair to use as address of mint

const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

const space = BigInt(getMintSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();



// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)

// Invokes the system program

const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: mint,

  lamports: rent,

  space,

  programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize mint account data

// Invokes the token 2022 program

const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({

  mint: mint.address,

  decimals: 2,

  mintAuthority: feePayer.address

});



const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx) // Append instructions

);



// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and mint keypair)

const signedTransaction =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);



console.log("Mint Address: ", mint.address);

console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature);



// Generate keypair to use as address of token account

const tokenAccount = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get token account size (in bytes)

const tokenAccountSpace = BigInt(getTokenSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const tokenAccountRent = await rpc

  .getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(tokenAccountSpace)

  .send();



// Instruction to create new account for token account (token 2022 program)

// Invokes the system program

const createTokenAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: tokenAccount,

  lamports: tokenAccountRent,

  space: tokenAccountSpace,

  programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize token account data

// Invokes the token 2022 program

const initializeTokenAccountInstruction = getInitializeAccount2Instruction({

  account: tokenAccount.address,

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address

});



const instructions2 = [

  createTokenAccountInstruction,

  initializeTokenAccountInstruction

];



// Create transaction message for token account creation

const tokenAccountMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions2, tx) // Append instructions

);



// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and token account keypair)

const signedTokenAccountTx =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(tokenAccountMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTokenAccountTx,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const tokenAccountTxSignature =

  getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTokenAccountTx);



console.log("Token Account Address:", tokenAccount.address);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", tokenAccountTxSignature);
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Rust

use anyhow::Result;

use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;

use solana_sdk::{

    commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,

    program_pack::Pack,

    signature::{Keypair, Signer},

    system_instruction::create_account,

    transaction::Transaction,

};

use spl_token_2022::{

    id as token_2022_program_id,

    instruction::{initialize_account, initialize_mint},

    state::{Account, Mint},

};



fn main() -> Result<()> {

    // Create connection to local validator

    let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(

        String::from("http://127.0.0.1:8899"),

        CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),

    );

    let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;



    // Generate a new keypair for the fee payer

    let fee_payer = Keypair::new();



    // Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer

    let airdrop_signature = client.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)?;

    client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;



    loop {

        let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;

        if confirmed {

            break;

        }

    }



    // Generate keypair to use as address of mint

    let mint = Keypair::new();



    // Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

    let mint_space = Mint::LEN;

    let mint_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)?;



    // Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)

    let create_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // payer

        &mint.pubkey(),           // new account (mint)

        mint_rent,                // lamports

        mint_space as u64,        // space

        &token_2022_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize mint account data

    let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(

        &token_2022_program_id(),

        &mint.pubkey(),            // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),       // mint authority

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority

        2,                         // decimals

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &mint],

        recent_blockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;



    println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    // Generate keypair to use as address of token account

    let token_account = Keypair::new();



    // Get token account size (in bytes)

    let token_account_space = Account::LEN;

    let token_account_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(token_account_space)?;



    // Instruction to create new account for token account (token 2022 program)

    let create_token_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),        // payer

        &token_account.pubkey(),    // new account (token account)

        token_account_rent,         // lamports

        token_account_space as u64, // space

        &token_2022_program_id(),   // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize token account data

    let initialize_token_account_instruction = initialize_account(

        &token_2022_program_id(),

        &token_account.pubkey(), // account

        &mint.pubkey(),          // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),     // owner

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[

            create_token_account_instruction,

            initialize_token_account_instruction,

        ],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &token_account],

        recent_blockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;



    println!("Token Account Address: {}", token_account.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    Ok(())

}
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Associated Token Account Nasıl Oluşturulur

Associated Token Account oluşturmak için Create talimatını çağırın. Bu talimatın uygulamalarını burada bulabilirsiniz.

Associated token account oluşturmak için talimat, token account oluşturmak için System Program'ı ve token account verilerini başlatmak için Token Program'ı otomatik olarak çağırır. Bu, Cross Program Invocation (CPI) aracılığıyla gerçekleşir.

Typescript

import {

  airdropFactory,

  appendTransactionMessageInstructions,

  createSolanaRpc,

  createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,

  createTransactionMessage,

  generateKeyPairSigner,

  getSignatureFromTransaction,

  lamports,

  pipe,

  sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,

  setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,

  setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,

  signTransactionMessageWithSigners

} from "@solana/kit";

import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

import {

  getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync,

  getInitializeMintInstruction,

  getMintSize,

  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS,

  findAssociatedTokenPda

} from "@solana-program/token-2022";



// Create Connection, local validator in this example

const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://127.0.0.1:8899");

const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");



// Generate keypairs for fee payer

const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Fund fee payer

await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({

  recipientAddress: feePayer.address,

  lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),

  commitment: "confirmed"

});



// Generate keypair to use as address of mint

const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

const space = BigInt(getMintSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();



// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)

// Invokes the system program

const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: mint,

  lamports: rent,

  space,

  programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize mint account data

// Invokes the token 2022 program

const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({

  mint: mint.address,

  decimals: 2,

  mintAuthority: feePayer.address

});



const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx),

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx)

);



// Sign transaction message with all required signers

const signedTransaction =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);



console.log("Mint Address: ", mint.address.toString());

console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature);



// Use findAssociatedTokenPda to derive the ATA address

const [associatedTokenAddress] = await findAssociatedTokenPda({

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address,

  tokenProgram: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



console.log(

  "Associated Token Account Address: ",

  associatedTokenAddress.toString()

);



// Get a fresh blockhash for the second transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash2 } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Create instruction to create the associated token account

const createAtaInstruction = await getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync({

  payer: feePayer,

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address

});



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage2 = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash2, tx),

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions([createAtaInstruction], tx)

);



// Sign transaction message with all required signers

const signedTransaction2 =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage2);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction2,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature2 = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction2);

console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature2);
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Rust

use anyhow::Result;

use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;

use solana_sdk::{

    commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,

    program_pack::Pack,

    signature::{Keypair, Signer},

    system_instruction::create_account,

    transaction::Transaction,

};

use spl_associated_token_account::{

    get_associated_token_address_with_program_id, instruction::create_associated_token_account,

};

use spl_token_2022::{id as token_2022_program_id, instruction::initialize_mint, state::Mint};



fn main() -> Result<()> {

    // Create connection to local validator

    let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(

        String::from("http://127.0.0.1:8899"),

        CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),

    );

    let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;



    // Generate a new keypair for the fee payer

    let fee_payer = Keypair::new();



    // Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer

    let airdrop_signature = client.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)?;

    client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;



    loop {

        let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;

        if confirmed {

            break;

        }

    }



    // Generate keypair to use as address of mint

    let mint = Keypair::new();



    // Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

    let mint_space = Mint::LEN;

    let mint_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)?;



    // Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)

    let create_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // payer

        &mint.pubkey(),           // new account (mint)

        mint_rent,                // lamports

        mint_space as u64,        // space

        &token_2022_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize mint account data

    let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(

        &token_2022_program_id(),

        &mint.pubkey(),            // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),       // mint authority

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority

        2,                         // decimals

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &mint],

        recent_blockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;



    println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    // Get the latest blockhash for the next transaction

    let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;



    // Derive the associated token account address for fee_payer

    let associated_token_account = get_associated_token_address_with_program_id(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // owner

        &mint.pubkey(),           // mint

        &token_2022_program_id(), // program_id

    );



    // Instruction to create associated token account

    let create_ata_instruction = create_associated_token_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // funding address

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // wallet address

        &mint.pubkey(),           // mint address

        &token_2022_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Create transaction and add instruction

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_ata_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer],

        recent_blockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;



    println!(

        "Associated Token Account Address: {}",

        associated_token_account

    );

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    Ok(())

}
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