写入网络

在上一节中，您学习了如何从 Solana 网络读取数据。现在，您将学习如何向其写入数据。向 Solana 网络写入数据涉及发送包含一个或多个指令的交易。

程序定义了每个指令的业务逻辑。当您提交交易时，Solana 运行时会按顺序并原子性地执行每个指令。本节中的示例展示了如何构建和发送交易以调用 Solana 程序，包括：

在账户之间转移 SOL
创建一个新代币

转移 SOL

下面的示例展示了如何在两个账户之间转移 SOL。每个账户都有一个所有者程序，只有该程序可以扣减账户的 SOL 余额。

所有钱包账户都由 System Program 拥有。要转移 SOL，您必须调用 System Program 的 transfer 指令。

Transfer SOL

import {
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
  Keypair,
  Connection
} from "@solana/web3.js";

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

const sender = new Keypair();
const receiver = new Keypair();

const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  sender.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

const transferInstruction = SystemProgram.transfer({
  fromPubkey: sender.publicKey,
  toPubkey: receiver.publicKey,
  lamports: 0.01 * LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
});

const transaction = new Transaction().add(transferInstruction);

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [sender]
);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", `${transactionSignature}`);

const senderBalance = await connection.getBalance(sender.publicKey);
const receiverBalance = await connection.getBalance(receiver.publicKey);

console.log("Sender Balance:", `${senderBalance}`);
console.log("Receiver Balance:", `${receiverBalance}`);

Console

Click to execute the code.

Transfer SOL

import {
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
  Keypair,
  Connection
} from "@solana/web3.js";

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

const sender = new Keypair();
const receiver = new Keypair();

const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  sender.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

const transferInstruction = SystemProgram.transfer({
  fromPubkey: sender.publicKey,
  toPubkey: receiver.publicKey,
  lamports: 0.01 * LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
});

const transaction = new Transaction().add(transferInstruction);

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [sender]
);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", `${transactionSignature}`);

const senderBalance = await connection.getBalance(sender.publicKey);
const receiverBalance = await connection.getBalance(receiver.publicKey);

console.log("Sender Balance:", `${senderBalance}`);
console.log("Receiver Balance:", `${receiverBalance}`);

Console

Click to execute the code.

创建一个 Connection 来处理发送交易和获取账户数据。

在此示例中，我们连接到运行在 localhost:8899 上的本地测试验证器。

Connection

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

生成新的密钥对以用作发送方和接收方账户。

Generate keypairs

const sender = new Keypair();
const receiver = new Keypair();

向发送方账户添加 SOL。在非主网的网络上，您可以使用 requestAirdrop 方法获取用于测试的 SOL。

Airdrop

const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  sender.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

SystemProgram.transfer() 方法创建一个指令，将 SOL 从 fromPubkey 账户转移到 toPubkey 账户，转移的数量为指定的 lamports。

Transfer instruction

const transferInstruction = SystemProgram.transfer({
  fromPubkey: sender.publicKey,
  toPubkey: receiver.publicKey,
  lamports: 0.01 * LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
});

创建一个交易并将指令添加到交易中。在此示例中，我们创建了一个包含单个指令的交易。然而，您可以向一个交易中添加多个指令。

Transaction

const transaction = new Transaction().add(transferInstruction);

签署并发送交易到网络。发送者的 keypair 需要包含在签名者数组中，以授权从其账户转移 SOL。

Send transaction

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [sender]
);

交易签名是一个唯一标识符，可用于在 Solana Explorer 上查找该交易。

创建一个 Connection 来处理发送交易和获取账户数据。

在此示例中，我们连接到运行在 localhost:8899 上的本地测试验证器。

Connection

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

生成新的密钥对以用作发送方和接收方账户。

Generate keypairs

const sender = new Keypair();
const receiver = new Keypair();

向发送方账户添加 SOL。在非主网的网络上，您可以使用 requestAirdrop 方法获取用于测试的 SOL。

Airdrop

const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  sender.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

SystemProgram.transfer() 方法创建一个指令，将 SOL 从 fromPubkey 账户转移到 toPubkey 账户，转移的数量为指定的 lamports。

Transfer instruction

const transferInstruction = SystemProgram.transfer({
  fromPubkey: sender.publicKey,
  toPubkey: receiver.publicKey,
  lamports: 0.01 * LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
});

创建一个交易并将指令添加到交易中。在此示例中，我们创建了一个包含单个指令的交易。然而，您可以向一个交易中添加多个指令。

Transaction

const transaction = new Transaction().add(transferInstruction);

签署并发送交易到网络。发送者的 keypair 需要包含在签名者数组中，以授权从其账户转移 SOL。

Send transaction

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [sender]
);

交易签名是一个唯一标识符，可用于在 Solana Explorer 上查找该交易。

Transfer SOL

import {
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
  Keypair,
  Connection
} from "@solana/web3.js";

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

创建一个代币

以下示例使用 Token Extensions Program 在 Solana 上创建一个新代币。这需要两个指令：

调用 System Program 创建一个新账户。
调用 Token Extensions Program 将该账户初始化为一个 Mint。

Create mint account

import {
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
} from "@solana/web3.js";
import {
  MINT_SIZE,
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
  createInitializeMint2Instruction,
  getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint,
  getMint
} from "@solana/spl-token";

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

const wallet = new Keypair();
// Fund the wallet with SOL
const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  wallet.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

// Generate keypair to use as address of mint account
const mint = new Keypair();

// Calculate lamports required for rent exemption
const rentExemptionLamports =
  await getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint(connection);

// Instruction to create new account with space for new mint account
const createAccountInstruction = SystemProgram.createAccount({
  fromPubkey: wallet.publicKey,
  newAccountPubkey: mint.publicKey,
  space: MINT_SIZE,
  lamports: rentExemptionLamports,
  programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
});

// Instruction to initialize mint account
const initializeMintInstruction = createInitializeMint2Instruction(
  mint.publicKey,
  2, // decimals
  wallet.publicKey, // mint authority
  wallet.publicKey, // freeze authority
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
);

// Build transaction with instructions to create new account and initialize mint account
const transaction = new Transaction().add(
  createAccountInstruction,
  initializeMintInstruction
);

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [
    wallet, // payer
    mint // mint address keypair
  ]
);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", `${transactionSignature}`);

const mintData = await getMint(
  connection,
  mint.publicKey,
  "confirmed",
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
);
);

Console

Click to execute the code.

Create mint account

import {
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
} from "@solana/web3.js";
import {
  MINT_SIZE,
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
  createInitializeMint2Instruction,
  getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint,
  getMint
} from "@solana/spl-token";

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

const wallet = new Keypair();
// Fund the wallet with SOL
const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  wallet.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

// Generate keypair to use as address of mint account
const mint = new Keypair();

// Calculate lamports required for rent exemption
const rentExemptionLamports =
  await getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint(connection);

// Instruction to create new account with space for new mint account
const createAccountInstruction = SystemProgram.createAccount({
  fromPubkey: wallet.publicKey,
  newAccountPubkey: mint.publicKey,
  space: MINT_SIZE,
  lamports: rentExemptionLamports,
  programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
});

// Instruction to initialize mint account
const initializeMintInstruction = createInitializeMint2Instruction(
  mint.publicKey,
  2, // decimals
  wallet.publicKey, // mint authority
  wallet.publicKey, // freeze authority
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
);

// Build transaction with instructions to create new account and initialize mint account
const transaction = new Transaction().add(
  createAccountInstruction,
  initializeMintInstruction
);

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [
    wallet, // payer
    mint // mint address keypair
  ]
);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", `${transactionSignature}`);

const mintData = await getMint(
  connection,
  mint.publicKey,
  "confirmed",
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
);
);

Console

Click to execute the code.

创建一个代币需要同时使用 @solana/web3.js 和 @solana/spl-token 库。以下示例中的代码将：

创建一个连接
生成一个 keypair 以支付交易费用
请求空投为 keypair 提供资金

Connection & wallet setup

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

const wallet = new Keypair();
const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  wallet.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

为 mint account 生成一个 keypair。公钥将用作 mint account 的地址。

Mint keypair

const mint = new Keypair();

计算 mint account 所需的最小 lamports。getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint 函数计算为 mint account 的数据分配所需的 lamports 数量。

Rent exemption

const rentExemptionLamports =
  await getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint(connection);

第一个指令调用 System Program 的 createAccount 指令以：

分配存储铸币数据所需的字节数。
从钱包中转移 lamports 以资助新账户。
将账户的所有权分配给 Token Extensions Program。

Create account instruction

const createAccountInstruction = SystemProgram.createAccount({
  fromPubkey: wallet.publicKey,
  newAccountPubkey: mint.publicKey,
  space: MINT_SIZE,
  lamports: rentExemptionLamports,
  programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
});

第二个指令调用 Token Extensions Program 的 createInitializeMint2Instruction 指令，以以下数据初始化铸币账户：

2 位小数
钱包作为铸币权限和冻结权限

Initialize mint instruction

const initializeMintInstruction = createInitializeMint2Instruction(
  mint.publicKey,
  2,
  wallet.publicKey,
  wallet.publicKey,
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
);

将两个指令添加到一个交易中。这确保了账户创建和初始化是原子操作。（要么两个指令都成功，要么都失败。）

这种方法在构建复杂的 Solana 交易时很常见，因为它保证所有指令一起执行。

Transaction

const transaction = new Transaction().add(
  createAccountInstruction,
  initializeMintInstruction
);

签署并发送交易。需要两个签名：

钱包账户签署，作为交易费用和账户创建的付款方
铸币账户签署，授权其地址用于新账户

Send transaction

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [
    wallet,
    mint
  ]
);

返回的交易签名可用于在 Solana Explorer 上检查交易。

创建一个代币需要同时使用 @solana/web3.js 和 @solana/spl-token 库。以下示例中的代码将：

创建一个连接
生成一个 keypair 以支付交易费用
请求空投为 keypair 提供资金

Connection & wallet setup

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

const wallet = new Keypair();
const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  wallet.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

为 mint account 生成一个 keypair。公钥将用作 mint account 的地址。

Mint keypair

const mint = new Keypair();

计算 mint account 所需的最小 lamports。getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint 函数计算为 mint account 的数据分配所需的 lamports 数量。

Rent exemption

const rentExemptionLamports =
  await getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint(connection);

第一个指令调用 System Program 的 createAccount 指令以：

分配存储铸币数据所需的字节数。
从钱包中转移 lamports 以资助新账户。
将账户的所有权分配给 Token Extensions Program。

Create account instruction

const createAccountInstruction = SystemProgram.createAccount({
  fromPubkey: wallet.publicKey,
  newAccountPubkey: mint.publicKey,
  space: MINT_SIZE,
  lamports: rentExemptionLamports,
  programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
});

第二个指令调用 Token Extensions Program 的 createInitializeMint2Instruction 指令，以以下数据初始化铸币账户：

2 位小数
钱包作为铸币权限和冻结权限

Initialize mint instruction

const initializeMintInstruction = createInitializeMint2Instruction(
  mint.publicKey,
  2,
  wallet.publicKey,
  wallet.publicKey,
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
);

将两个指令添加到一个交易中。这确保了账户创建和初始化是原子操作。（要么两个指令都成功，要么都失败。）

这种方法在构建复杂的 Solana 交易时很常见，因为它保证所有指令一起执行。

Transaction

const transaction = new Transaction().add(
  createAccountInstruction,
  initializeMintInstruction
);

签署并发送交易。需要两个签名：

钱包账户签署，作为交易费用和账户创建的付款方
铸币账户签署，授权其地址用于新账户

Send transaction

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [
    wallet,
    mint
  ]
);

返回的交易签名可用于在 Solana Explorer 上检查交易。

Create mint account

import {
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
} from "@solana/web3.js";
import {
  MINT_SIZE,
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
  createInitializeMint2Instruction,
  getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint,
  getMint
} from "@solana/spl-token";

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

const wallet = new Keypair();
const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  wallet.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

转移 SOL

创建一个代币

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