写入网络

在上一节中，您学习了如何从 Solana 网络读取数据。现在来探索如何向其写入数据。向 Solana 网络写入数据涉及发送包含一个或多个指令的交易。

程序（智能合约）根据各自指令的业务逻辑处理这些指令。当您提交交易时，Solana 运行时会按顺序执行每个指令，并以原子方式执行（即所有指令要么全部成功，要么整个交易失败）。

在本节中，您将看到两个基本示例：

在账户之间转移 SOL
创建一个新代币

这些示例展示了如何构建和发送交易以调用 Solana 程序。有关更多详细信息，请参阅交易和指令和 Solana 上的费用页面。

转移 SOL

在此示例中，您将学习如何在两个账户之间转移 SOL。

在 Solana 上，每个账户都有一个特定的程序作为其所有者。只有程序所有者可以扣除账户的 SOL（lamport）余额。

系统程序是所有“钱包”账户的所有者。要转移 SOL，您必须调用系统程序的转移指令。

Transfer SOL

import {
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
  Keypair,
  Connection
} from "@solana/web3.js";

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

const sender = new Keypair();
const receiver = new Keypair();

const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  sender.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

const transferInstruction = SystemProgram.transfer({
  fromPubkey: sender.publicKey,
  toPubkey: receiver.publicKey,
  lamports: 0.01 * LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
});

const transaction = new Transaction().add(transferInstruction);

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [sender]
);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", `${transactionSignature}`);

ConsolePowered by Mirror

Click to execute the code.

Transfer SOL

import {
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
  Keypair,
  Connection
} from "@solana/web3.js";

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

const sender = new Keypair();
const receiver = new Keypair();

const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  sender.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

const transferInstruction = SystemProgram.transfer({
  fromPubkey: sender.publicKey,
  toPubkey: receiver.publicKey,
  lamports: 0.01 * LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
});

const transaction = new Transaction().add(transferInstruction);

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [sender]
);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", `${transactionSignature}`);

ConsolePowered by Mirror

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Output

No output yet

以下是构建交易以与 Solana 上的任何程序交互的步骤。

创建您想要调用的指令。

Instruction

const transferInstruction = SystemProgram.transfer({
  fromPubkey: sender.publicKey,
  toPubkey: receiver.publicKey,
  lamports: 0.01 * LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
});

将指令添加到交易中：

Transaction

const transaction = new Transaction().add(transferInstruction);

签署并发送交易：

Send Transaction

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [sender] // signer keypair
);

创建一个代币

在此示例中，您将学习如何使用代币扩展程序在 Solana 上创建一个新代币。这需要两个指令：

调用系统程序创建一个新账户。
调用代币扩展程序将该账户初始化为一个铸币账户。

Create Mint Account

import {
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
} from "@solana/web3.js";
import {
  MINT_SIZE,
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
  createInitializeMint2Instruction,
  getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint
} from "@solana/spl-token";

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

const wallet = new Keypair();
// Fund the wallet with SOL
const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  wallet.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

// Generate keypair to use as address of mint account
const mint = new Keypair();

// Calculate lamports required for rent exemption
const rentExemptionLamports =
  await getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint(connection);

// Instruction to create new account with space for new mint account
const createAccountInstruction = SystemProgram.createAccount({
  fromPubkey: wallet.publicKey,
  newAccountPubkey: mint.publicKey,
  space: MINT_SIZE,
  lamports: rentExemptionLamports,
  programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
});

// Instruction to initialize mint account
const initializeMintInstruction = createInitializeMint2Instruction(
  mint.publicKey,
  2, // decimals
  wallet.publicKey, // mint authority
  wallet.publicKey, // freeze authority
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
);

// Build transaction with instructions to create new account and initialize mint account
const transaction = new Transaction().add(
  createAccountInstruction,
  initializeMintInstruction
);

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [
    wallet, // payer
    mint // mint address keypair
  ]
);

console.log("Mint Account:", `${mint.publicKey}`);
console.log("Transaction Signature:", `${transactionSignature}`);

ConsolePowered by Mirror

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Create Mint Account

import {
  Connection,
  Keypair,
  SystemProgram,
  Transaction,
  sendAndConfirmTransaction,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
} from "@solana/web3.js";
import {
  MINT_SIZE,
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID,
  createInitializeMint2Instruction,
  getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint
} from "@solana/spl-token";

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");

const wallet = new Keypair();
// Fund the wallet with SOL
const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  wallet.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

// Generate keypair to use as address of mint account
const mint = new Keypair();

// Calculate lamports required for rent exemption
const rentExemptionLamports =
  await getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint(connection);

// Instruction to create new account with space for new mint account
const createAccountInstruction = SystemProgram.createAccount({
  fromPubkey: wallet.publicKey,
  newAccountPubkey: mint.publicKey,
  space: MINT_SIZE,
  lamports: rentExemptionLamports,
  programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
});

// Instruction to initialize mint account
const initializeMintInstruction = createInitializeMint2Instruction(
  mint.publicKey,
  2, // decimals
  wallet.publicKey, // mint authority
  wallet.publicKey, // freeze authority
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
);

// Build transaction with instructions to create new account and initialize mint account
const transaction = new Transaction().add(
  createAccountInstruction,
  initializeMintInstruction
);

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [
    wallet, // payer
    mint // mint address keypair
  ]
);

console.log("Mint Account:", `${mint.publicKey}`);
console.log("Transaction Signature:", `${transactionSignature}`);

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Output

No output yet

以下是示例的逐步分解：

创建连接并为钱包提供资金

Connection and Wallet

const connection = new Connection("http://localhost:8899", "confirmed");
const wallet = new Keypair();
const signature = await connection.requestAirdrop(
  wallet.publicKey,
  LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
);
await connection.confirmTransaction(signature, "confirmed");

为 Mint 账户生成一个 keypair

Mint Keypair

const mint = new Keypair();

计算租金豁免所需的最低 lamports

Rent Exemption

const rentExemptionLamports =
  await getMinimumBalanceForRentExemptMint(connection);

创建一个指令以创建新账户

分配所需空间以存储 mint 数据
从钱包转移 lamports以资助新账户
将账户的所有权分配给 Token Extensions 程序 (TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID)

Create Account Instruction

const createAccountInstruction = SystemProgram.createAccount({
  fromPubkey: wallet.publicKey,
  newAccountPubkey: mint.publicKey,
  space: MINT_SIZE,
  lamports: rentExemptionLamports,
  programId: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
});

创建一个指令以初始化 Mint 账户

Initialize Mint Instruction

const initializeMintInstruction = createInitializeMint2Instruction(
  mint.publicKey,
  2, // decimals
  wallet.publicKey, // mint authority
  wallet.publicKey, // freeze authority
  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ID
);

将两个指令添加到一个交易中

Build Transaction

const transaction = new Transaction().add(
  createAccountInstruction,
  initializeMintInstruction
);

发送并确认包含两个所需签名者的交易

Send Transaction

const transactionSignature = await sendAndConfirmTransaction(
  connection,
  transaction,
  [wallet, mint]
);

打印 Mint 账户和交易签名

Output

console.log("Mint Account:", `${mint.publicKey}`);
console.log("Transaction Signature:", `${transactionSignature}`);

通过将两个指令合并到一个交易中，可以确保账户创建和初始化原子性地完成。要么两个指令都成功，要么都失败。这种方法在构建更复杂的 Solana 交易时很常见，因为它保证了所有指令一起执行。

转移 SOL

创建一个代币

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