إنشاء حساب Token

ما هو حساب Token؟

يخزن حساب الرمز المميز (token account) رصيدك من رمز مميز محدد. يرتبط كل حساب رمز مميز بعملة واحدة فقط ويتتبع رصيد الرمز المميز الخاص بك والتفاصيل الإضافية.

Token Account Type
/// Account data.
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
pub struct Account {
/// The mint associated with this account
pub mint: Pubkey,
/// The owner of this account.
pub owner: Pubkey,
/// The amount of tokens this account holds.
pub amount: u64,
/// If `delegate` is `Some` then `delegated_amount` represents
/// the amount authorized by the delegate
pub delegate: COption<Pubkey>,
/// The account's state
pub state: AccountState,
/// If `is_native.is_some`, this is a native token, and the value logs the
/// rent-exempt reserve. An Account is required to be rent-exempt, so
/// the value is used by the Processor to ensure that wrapped SOL
/// accounts do not drop below this threshold.
pub is_native: COption<u64>,
/// The amount delegated
pub delegated_amount: u64,
/// Optional authority to close the account.
pub close_authority: COption<Pubkey>,
}

لاحظ أنه في الكود المصدري، يطلق المطورون على حساب Token اسم Account كنوع. كل من Token Program وToken Extension Program يشتركان في نفس التنفيذ الأساسي لحساب Token.

للاحتفاظ بالرموز المميزة، تحتاج إلى حساب رمز مميز (token account) لتلك العملة المحددة. يتتبع كل حساب رمز مميز:

  1. العملة (Mint): نوع الرمز المميز المحدد الذي يحتفظ به
  2. المالك (Owner): السلطة التي يمكنها تحويل الرموز المميزة من هذا الحساب

مثال: عملة الدولار الأمريكي (USDC)

  • عنوان العملة: EPjFWdd5AufqSSqeM2qN1xzybapC8G4wEGGkZwyTDt1v
  • حساب الرمز المميز لشركة Circle: 3emsAVdmGKERbHjmGfQ6oZ1e35dkf5iYcS6U4CPKFVaa
  • يحتفظ هذا الحساب برموز USDC فقط
  • تتحكم Circle في الرمز المميز من خلال سلطة مالك حساب الرمز المميز: 7VHUFJHWu2CuExkJcJrzhQPJ2oygupTWkL2A2For4BmE

يمكنك عرض تفاصيل token account هذا على Solana Explorer.

فهم مصطلح "المالك"

يمكن استخدام مصطلح "المالك" في سياقين مختلفين:

  1. مالك حساب الرمز المميز: السلطة التي يمكنها تحويل أو حرق أو تفويض الرموز المميزة. يتم تخزين هذا في بيانات حساب الرمز المميز.

  2. مالك البرنامج: البرنامج الذي يملك الحساب (دائمًا Token Program أو Token Extension Program لحسابات الرموز المميزة).

عند العمل مع حسابات الرموز المميزة، يشير "المالك" عادةً إلى السلطة التي يمكنها تحويل الرموز المميزة، وليس البرنامج الذي يملك الحساب.

ما هو حساب الرمز المميز المرتبط؟

حساب الرمز المميز المرتبط (associated token account - ATA) هو حساب الرمز المميز الافتراضي للمحفظة للاحتفاظ برمز مميز محدد. يستخدم عنوانًا حتميًا (PDA) تم إنشاؤه بواسطة Associated Token Program.

فقط حسابات الرموز المميزة التي تم إنشاؤها بواسطة Associated Token Program تسمى "حسابات الرموز المميزة المرتبطة".

تستخدم حسابات الرموز المميزة المرتبطة (ATAs) عناوين حتمية، مما يسهل العثور على حساب الرمز المميز لأي محفظة لعملة معينة. انظر تنفيذ الاشتقاق هنا.

Associated Token Account Address Derivation
pub fn get_associated_token_address_and_bump_seed_internal(
wallet_address: &Pubkey,
token_mint_address: &Pubkey,
program_id: &Pubkey,
token_program_id: &Pubkey,
) -> (Pubkey, u8) {
Pubkey::find_program_address(
&[
&wallet_address.to_bytes(), // Owner's public key
&token_program_id.to_bytes(), // Token Program or Token Extension Program
&token_mint_address.to_bytes(), // Token mint address
],
program_id, // Associated Token Program ID
)
}

لأي مجموعة محفظة ورمز مميز، هناك عنوان واحد فقط لحساب الرمز المميز المرتبط (ATA). هذا يلغي الحاجة إلى تتبع عناوين حسابات الرموز المميزة يدويًا - يمكنك دائمًا aاشتقاق العنوان الصحيح.

كيف يعمل Associated Token Program

Associated Token Program هو مساعد يقوم بما يلي:

  • إنشاء حسابات token في عناوين محددة مسبقاً (PDAs)
  • إجراء Cross-Program Invocations (CPIs) إلى Token Program
  • لا يحتفظ بأي حالة بنفسه

حسابات الـtoken الناتجة مملوكة من قبل Token Program وتستخدم بنية Account القياسية.

كيفية إنشاء حساب Token

يتطلب إنشاء حساب token تعليمة InitializeAccount. انظر التنفيذ هنا.

تحتاج إلى تعليمتين لإنشاء حساب token:

  1. System Program: إنشاء حساب بمساحة مخصصة لحساب token ونقل الملكية إلى Token Program
  2. Token Program: تهيئة بيانات حساب الـtoken

تايبسكريبت

import {
airdropFactory,
appendTransactionMessageInstructions,
createSolanaRpc,
createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,
createTransactionMessage,
generateKeyPairSigner,
getSignatureFromTransaction,
lamports,
pipe,
sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,
setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,
setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,
signTransactionMessageWithSigners
} from "@solana/kit";
import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";
import {
getInitializeAccount2Instruction,
getInitializeMintInstruction,
getMintSize,
getTokenSize,
TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS
} from "@solana-program/token";
// Create Connection, local validator in this example
const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://localhost:8899");
const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");
// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction
const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();
// Generate keypairs for fee payer
const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();
// Fund fee payer
await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({
recipientAddress: feePayer.address,
lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),
commitment: "confirmed"
});
// Generate keypair to use as address of mint
const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();
// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled
const space = BigInt(getMintSize());
// Get minimum balance for rent exemption
const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();
// Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)
// Invokes the system program
const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({
payer: feePayer,
newAccount: mint,
lamports: rent,
space,
programAddress: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS
});
// Instruction to initialize mint account data
// Invokes the token program
const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({
mint: mint.address,
decimals: 2,
mintAuthority: feePayer.address
});
const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];
// Create transaction message
const transactionMessage = pipe(
createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message
(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer
(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash
(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx) // Append instructions
);
// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and mint keypair)
const signedTransaction =
await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);
// Send and confirm transaction
await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(
signedTransaction,
{ commitment: "confirmed" }
);
// Get transaction signature
const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);
console.log("Mint Address:", mint.address);
console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature);
// Generate keypair to use as address of token account
const tokenAccount = await generateKeyPairSigner();
// Get token account size (in bytes)
const tokenAccountSpace = BigInt(getTokenSize());
// Get minimum balance for rent exemption
const tokenAccountRent = await rpc
.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(tokenAccountSpace)
.send();
// Instruction to create new account for token account (token program)
// Invokes the system program
const createTokenAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({
payer: feePayer,
newAccount: tokenAccount,
lamports: tokenAccountRent,
space: tokenAccountSpace,
programAddress: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS
});
// Instruction to initialize token account data
// Invokes the token program
const initializeTokenAccountInstruction = getInitializeAccount2Instruction({
account: tokenAccount.address,
mint: mint.address,
owner: feePayer.address
});
const instructions2 = [
createTokenAccountInstruction,
initializeTokenAccountInstruction
];
// Create transaction message for token account creation
const tokenAccountMessage = pipe(
createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message
(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer
(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash
(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions2, tx) // Append instructions
);
// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and token account keypair)
const signedTokenAccountTx =
await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(tokenAccountMessage);
// Send and confirm transaction
await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(
signedTokenAccountTx,
{ commitment: "confirmed" }
);
// Get transaction signature
const transactionSignature2 = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTokenAccountTx);
console.log("Token Account Address:", tokenAccount.address);
console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature2);
Console
Click to execute the code.

راست

use anyhow::Result;
use solana_client::nonblocking::rpc_client::RpcClient;
use solana_sdk::{
commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,
program_pack::Pack,
signature::{Keypair, Signer},
system_instruction::create_account,
transaction::Transaction,
};
use spl_token::{
id as token_program_id,
instruction::{initialize_account, initialize_mint},
state::{Account, Mint},
};
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<()> {
// Create connection to local validator
let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(
String::from("http://localhost:8899"),
CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),
);
let latestBlockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash().await?;
// Generate a new keypair for the fee payer
let fee_payer = Keypair::new();
// Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer
let airdrop_signature = client
.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)
.await?;
client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;
loop {
let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;
if confirmed {
break;
}
}
// Generate keypair to use as address of mint
let mint = Keypair::new();
// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled
let mint_space = Mint::LEN;
let mint_rent = client
.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)
.await?;
// Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)
let create_account_instruction = create_account(
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // payer
&mint.pubkey(), // new account (mint)
mint_rent, // lamports
mint_space as u64, // space
&token_program_id(), // program id
);
// Instruction to initialize mint account data
let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(
&token_program_id(),
&mint.pubkey(), // mint
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // mint authority
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority
2, // decimals
)?;
// Create transaction and add instructions
let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
&[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),
&[&fee_payer, &mint],
latestBlockhash,
);
// Send and confirm transaction
let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;
println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());
println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);
// Generate keypair to use as address of token account
let token_account = Keypair::new();
// Get token account size (in bytes)
let token_account_space = Account::LEN;
let token_account_rent = client
.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(token_account_space)
.await?;
// Instruction to create new account for token account (token program)
let create_token_account_instruction = create_account(
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // payer
&token_account.pubkey(), // new account (token account)
token_account_rent, // lamports
token_account_space as u64, // space
&token_program_id(), // program id
);
// Instruction to initialize token account data
let initialize_token_account_instruction = initialize_account(
&token_program_id(),
&token_account.pubkey(), // account
&mint.pubkey(), // mint
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // owner
)?;
// Create transaction and add instructions
let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
&[
create_token_account_instruction,
initialize_token_account_instruction,
],
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),
&[&fee_payer, &token_account],
latestBlockhash,
);
// Send and confirm transaction
let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;
println!("Token Account Address: {}", token_account.pubkey());
println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);
Ok(())
}
Console
Click to execute the code.

كيفية إنشاء associated token account

يتطلب إنشاء Associated Token Account (ATA) تعليمة Create. انظر التنفيذ هنا.

تتعامل هذه التعليمة الواحدة تلقائيًا مع إنشاء حساب الـtoken وتهيئته من خلال Cross Program Invocations (CPI).

تايبسكريبت

import {
airdropFactory,
appendTransactionMessageInstructions,
createSolanaRpc,
createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,
createTransactionMessage,
generateKeyPairSigner,
getSignatureFromTransaction,
lamports,
pipe,
sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,
setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,
setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,
signTransactionMessageWithSigners
} from "@solana/kit";
import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";
import {
getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync,
getInitializeMintInstruction,
getMintSize,
TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS,
findAssociatedTokenPda
} from "@solana-program/token";
// Create Connection, local validator in this example
const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://localhost:8899");
const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");
// Generate keypairs for fee payer
const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();
// Fund fee payer
await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({
recipientAddress: feePayer.address,
lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),
commitment: "confirmed"
});
// Generate keypair to use as address of mint
const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();
// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled
const space = BigInt(getMintSize());
// Get minimum balance for rent exemption
const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();
// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction
const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();
// Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)
// Invokes the system program
const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({
payer: feePayer,
newAccount: mint,
lamports: rent,
space,
programAddress: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS
});
// Instruction to initialize mint account data
// Invokes the token program
const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({
mint: mint.address,
decimals: 2,
mintAuthority: feePayer.address
});
const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];
// Create transaction message
const transactionMessage = pipe(
createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),
(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),
(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx),
(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx)
);
// Sign transaction message with all required signers
const signedTransaction =
await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);
// Send and confirm transaction
await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(
signedTransaction,
{ commitment: "confirmed" }
);
// Get transaction signature
const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);
console.log("Mint Address:", mint.address.toString());
console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature);
// Use findAssociatedTokenPda to derive the ATA address
const [associatedTokenAddress] = await findAssociatedTokenPda({
mint: mint.address,
owner: feePayer.address,
tokenProgram: TOKEN_PROGRAM_ADDRESS
});
console.log(
"Associated Token Account Address:",
associatedTokenAddress.toString()
);
// Get a fresh blockhash for the second transaction
const { value: latestBlockhash2 } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();
// Create instruction to create the associated token account
const createAtaInstruction = await getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync({
payer: feePayer,
mint: mint.address,
owner: feePayer.address
});
// Create transaction message
const transactionMessage2 = pipe(
createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),
(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),
(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash2, tx),
(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions([createAtaInstruction], tx)
);
// Sign transaction message with all required signers
const signedTransaction2 =
await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage2);
// Send and confirm transaction
await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(
signedTransaction2,
{ commitment: "confirmed" }
);
// Get transaction signature
const transactionSignature2 = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction2);
console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature2);
Console
Click to execute the code.

Rust

use anyhow::Result;
use solana_client::nonblocking::rpc_client::RpcClient;
use solana_sdk::{
commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,
program_pack::Pack,
signature::{Keypair, Signer},
system_instruction::create_account,
transaction::Transaction,
};
use spl_associated_token_account::{
get_associated_token_address_with_program_id, instruction::create_associated_token_account,
};
use spl_token::{id as token_program_id, instruction::initialize_mint, state::Mint};
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<()> {
// Create connection to local validator
let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(
String::from("http://localhost:8899"),
CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),
);
let latestBlockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash().await?;
// Generate a new keypair for the fee payer
let fee_payer = Keypair::new();
// Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer
let airdrop_signature = client
.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)
.await?;
client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;
loop {
let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature).await?;
if confirmed {
break;
}
}
// Generate keypair to use as address of mint
let mint = Keypair::new();
// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled
let mint_space = Mint::LEN;
let mint_rent = client
.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)
.await?;
// Instruction to create new account for mint (token program)
let create_account_instruction = create_account(
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // payer
&mint.pubkey(), // new account (mint)
mint_rent, // lamports
mint_space as u64, // space
&token_program_id(), // program id
);
// Instruction to initialize mint account data
let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(
&token_program_id(),
&mint.pubkey(), // mint
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // mint authority
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority
2, // decimals
)?;
// Create transaction and add instructions
let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
&[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),
&[&fee_payer, &mint],
latestBlockhash,
);
// Send and confirm transaction
let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;
println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());
println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);
// Get the latest blockhash for the next transaction
let latestBlockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash().await?;
// Derive the associated token account address for fee_payer
let associated_token_account = get_associated_token_address_with_program_id(
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // owner
&mint.pubkey(), // mint
&token_program_id(), // program_id
);
// Instruction to create associated token account
let create_ata_instruction = create_associated_token_account(
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // funding address
&fee_payer.pubkey(), // wallet address (owner)
&mint.pubkey(), // mint address
&token_program_id(), // program id
);
// Create transaction for associated token account creation
let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(
&[create_ata_instruction],
Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),
&[&fee_payer],
latestBlockhash,
);
// Send and confirm transaction
let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction).await?;
println!(
"Associated Token Account Address: {}",
associated_token_account.to_string()
);
println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);
Ok(())
}
Console
Click to execute the code.

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