Membuat Token Account
Apa itu Token Account?
Token account adalah jenis akun dalam Token Programs Solana yang menyimpan informasi tentang kepemilikan individu atas token tertentu (mint). Setiap token account terkait dengan satu mint dan melacak detail seperti saldo token dan pemiliknya.
/// Account data.#[repr(C)]#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]pub struct Account {/// The mint associated with this accountpub mint: Pubkey,/// The owner of this account.pub owner: Pubkey,/// The amount of tokens this account holds.pub amount: u64,/// If `delegate` is `Some` then `delegated_amount` represents/// the amount authorized by the delegatepub delegate: COption<Pubkey>,/// The account's statepub state: AccountState,/// If `is_native.is_some`, this is a native token, and the value logs the/// rent-exempt reserve. An Account is required to be rent-exempt, so/// the value is used by the Processor to ensure that wrapped SOL/// accounts do not drop below this threshold.pub is_native: COption<u64>,/// The amount delegatedpub delegated_amount: u64,/// Optional authority to close the account.pub close_authority: COption<Pubkey>,}
Perhatikan bahwa dalam kode sumber, pengembang menyebut Token account sebagai
tipe Account
. Baik Token
Program
maupun Token Extension
Program
berbagi implementasi dasar yang sama untuk Token account.
Untuk menyimpan token untuk mint tertentu, pengguna harus terlebih dahulu membuat token account. Setiap token account melacak:
- Mint tertentu (jenis token yang disimpan oleh token account)
- Pemilik (otoritas yang dapat mentransfer token dari akun)
Berikut contoh menggunakan USD Coin (USDC) di Solana:
- Alamat mint USD Coin:
EPjFWdd5AufqSSqeM2qN1xzybapC8G4wEGGkZwyTDt1v
- Circle (penerbit USD Coin) memiliki token account di
3emsAVdmGKERbHjmGfQ6oZ1e35dkf5iYcS6U4CPKFVaa
- Token account ini hanya menyimpan unit token USD Coin (mint)
- Circle memiliki otoritas pemilik di
7VHUFJHWu2CuExkJcJrzhQPJ2oygupTWkL2A2For4BmE
dan dapat mentransfer token-token ini
Anda dapat melihat detail token account ini di Solana Explorer.
Istilah "owner" digunakan dalam dua konteks berbeda:
-
"Owner" token account - Ini adalah alamat yang disimpan dalam data token account sebagai field "owner" dari tipe Account yang didefinisikan oleh Token Program. Owner dapat mentransfer, membakar, atau mendelegasikan token dari akun. Alamat ini terkadang disebut sebagai "authority" dari token account untuk membedakannya dari program owner.
-
"Owner" program - Ini mengacu pada program yang memiliki data akun di Solana. Untuk token account, ini selalu Token Program atau Token Extension Program, seperti yang ditentukan dalam kolom "owner" dari tipe Solana Account dasar.
Ketika bekerja dengan token account, "owner" biasanya mengacu pada otoritas yang dapat menggunakan token, bukan program yang memiliki akun.
Apa itu Associated Token Account?
Associated token account adalah token account dengan alamat yang merupakan Program Derived Address (PDA) yang dibuat oleh Associated Token Program. Anda dapat menganggap associated token account sebagai token account default untuk pengguna untuk menyimpan unit token tertentu (mint).
Istilah "associated token accounts" hanya berlaku untuk token account yang dibuat oleh Associated Token Program.
Associated token account menyediakan cara deterministik untuk menemukan token account pengguna untuk mint tertentu. Anda dapat memeriksa implementasi derivasi di sini.
pub fn get_associated_token_address_and_bump_seed_internal(wallet_address: &Pubkey,token_mint_address: &Pubkey,program_id: &Pubkey,token_program_id: &Pubkey,) -> (Pubkey, u8) {Pubkey::find_program_address(&[&wallet_address.to_bytes(), // Owner's public key&token_program_id.to_bytes(), // Token Program or Token Extension Program&token_mint_address.to_bytes(), // Token mint address],program_id, // Associated Token Program ID)}
Derivasi deterministik ini memastikan bahwa untuk setiap kombinasi alamat dompet dan token mint, terdapat tepat satu alamat associated token account. Pendekatan ini memudahkan untuk menemukan token account pengguna untuk token mint tertentu, menghilangkan kebutuhan untuk melacak alamat token account secara terpisah.
Associated Token Program berfungsi sebagai program pembantu yang membuat token
account dengan alamat deterministik (PDA). Saat membuat associated token
account, Associated Token Program melakukan CPI (Cross-Program Invocation) ke
Token Program atau Token Extension Program. Token program memiliki akun yang
dibuat yang memiliki struktur tipe Account
yang sama seperti yang
didefinisikan dalam token program. Associated Token Program tidak
mempertahankan state - ini hanya menawarkan cara standar untuk membuat token
account pada alamat deterministik yang merupakan PDA.
Cara Membuat Token Account
Untuk membuat Token Account, panggil instruksi
InitializeAccount
. Anda dapat menemukan implementasi dari instruksi ini
di sini.
Transaksi untuk membuat token account memerlukan dua instruksi:
- Memanggil System Program untuk membuat dan mengalokasikan ruang untuk token account dan mentransfer kepemilikan ke Token Program.
- Memanggil Token Program untuk menginisialisasi data token account.
Typescript
import {airdropFactory,appendTransactionMessageInstructions,createSolanaRpc,createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,createTransactionMessage,generateKeyPairSigner,getSignatureFromTransaction,lamports,pipe,sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,signTransactionMessageWithSigners} from "@solana/kit";import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";import {getInitializeAccount2Instruction,getInitializeMintInstruction,getMintSize,getTokenSize,TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS} from "@solana-program/token-2022";// Create Connection, local validator in this exampleconst rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://127.0.0.1:8899");const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");// Get latest blockhash to include in transactionconst { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();// Generate keypairs for fee payerconst feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();// Fund fee payerawait airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({recipientAddress: feePayer.address,lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),commitment: "confirmed"});// Generate keypair to use as address of mintconst mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabledconst space = BigInt(getMintSize());// Get minimum balance for rent exemptionconst rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)// Invokes the system programconst createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({payer: feePayer,newAccount: mint,lamports: rent,space,programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS});// Instruction to initialize mint account data// Invokes the token 2022 programconst initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({mint: mint.address,decimals: 2,mintAuthority: feePayer.address});const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];// Create transaction messageconst transactionMessage = pipe(createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx) // Append instructions);// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and mint keypair)const signedTransaction =await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);// Send and confirm transactionawait sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(signedTransaction,{ commitment: "confirmed" });// Get transaction signatureconst transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);console.log("Mint Address: ", mint.address);console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature);// Generate keypair to use as address of token accountconst tokenAccount = await generateKeyPairSigner();// Get token account size (in bytes)const tokenAccountSpace = BigInt(getTokenSize());// Get minimum balance for rent exemptionconst tokenAccountRent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(tokenAccountSpace).send();// Instruction to create new account for token account (token 2022 program)// Invokes the system programconst createTokenAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({payer: feePayer,newAccount: tokenAccount,lamports: tokenAccountRent,space: tokenAccountSpace,programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS});// Instruction to initialize token account data// Invokes the token 2022 programconst initializeTokenAccountInstruction = getInitializeAccount2Instruction({account: tokenAccount.address,mint: mint.address,owner: feePayer.address});const instructions2 = [createTokenAccountInstruction,initializeTokenAccountInstruction];// Create transaction message for token account creationconst tokenAccountMessage = pipe(createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions2, tx) // Append instructions);// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and token account keypair)const signedTokenAccountTx =await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(tokenAccountMessage);// Send and confirm transactionawait sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(signedTokenAccountTx,{ commitment: "confirmed" });// Get transaction signatureconst tokenAccountTxSignature =getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTokenAccountTx);console.log("Token Account Address:", tokenAccount.address);console.log("Transaction Signature:", tokenAccountTxSignature);
Rust
use anyhow::Result;use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;use solana_sdk::{commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,program_pack::Pack,signature::{Keypair, Signer},system_instruction::create_account,transaction::Transaction,};use spl_token_2022::{id as token_2022_program_id,instruction::{initialize_account, initialize_mint},state::{Account, Mint},};fn main() -> Result<()> {// Create connection to local validatorlet client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(String::from("http://127.0.0.1:8899"),CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),);let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;// Generate a new keypair for the fee payerlet fee_payer = Keypair::new();// Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payerlet airdrop_signature = client.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)?;client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;loop {let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;if confirmed {break;}}// Generate keypair to use as address of mintlet mint = Keypair::new();// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabledlet mint_space = Mint::LEN;let mint_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)?;// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)let create_account_instruction = create_account(&fee_payer.pubkey(), // payer&mint.pubkey(), // new account (mint)mint_rent, // lamportsmint_space as u64, // space&token_2022_program_id(), // program id);// Instruction to initialize mint account datalet initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(&token_2022_program_id(),&mint.pubkey(), // mint&fee_payer.pubkey(), // mint authoritySome(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority2, // decimals)?;// Create transaction and add instructionslet transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(&[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),&[&fee_payer, &mint],recent_blockhash,);// Send and confirm transactionlet transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);// Generate keypair to use as address of token accountlet token_account = Keypair::new();// Get token account size (in bytes)let token_account_space = Account::LEN;let token_account_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(token_account_space)?;// Instruction to create new account for token account (token 2022 program)let create_token_account_instruction = create_account(&fee_payer.pubkey(), // payer&token_account.pubkey(), // new account (token account)token_account_rent, // lamportstoken_account_space as u64, // space&token_2022_program_id(), // program id);// Instruction to initialize token account datalet initialize_token_account_instruction = initialize_account(&token_2022_program_id(),&token_account.pubkey(), // account&mint.pubkey(), // mint&fee_payer.pubkey(), // owner)?;// Create transaction and add instructionslet transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(&[create_token_account_instruction,initialize_token_account_instruction,],Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),&[&fee_payer, &token_account],recent_blockhash,);// Send and confirm transactionlet transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;println!("Token Account Address: {}", token_account.pubkey());println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);Ok(())}
Cara Membuat Associated Token Account
Untuk membuat Associated Token Account, panggil instruksi
Create
. Anda dapat menemukan implementasi dari instruksi ini
di sini.
Instruksi untuk membuat associated token account secara otomatis memanggil System Program untuk membuat token account dan memanggil Token Program untuk menginisialisasi data token account. Ini terjadi melalui Cross Program Invocations (CPI).
Typescript
import {airdropFactory,appendTransactionMessageInstructions,createSolanaRpc,createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,createTransactionMessage,generateKeyPairSigner,getSignatureFromTransaction,lamports,pipe,sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,signTransactionMessageWithSigners} from "@solana/kit";import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";import {getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync,getInitializeMintInstruction,getMintSize,TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS,findAssociatedTokenPda} from "@solana-program/token-2022";// Create Connection, local validator in this exampleconst rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://127.0.0.1:8899");const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");// Generate keypairs for fee payerconst feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();// Fund fee payerawait airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({recipientAddress: feePayer.address,lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),commitment: "confirmed"});// Generate keypair to use as address of mintconst mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabledconst space = BigInt(getMintSize());// Get minimum balance for rent exemptionconst rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();// Get latest blockhash to include in transactionconst { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)// Invokes the system programconst createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({payer: feePayer,newAccount: mint,lamports: rent,space,programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS});// Instruction to initialize mint account data// Invokes the token 2022 programconst initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({mint: mint.address,decimals: 2,mintAuthority: feePayer.address});const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];// Create transaction messageconst transactionMessage = pipe(createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx),(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx));// Sign transaction message with all required signersconst signedTransaction =await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);// Send and confirm transactionawait sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(signedTransaction,{ commitment: "confirmed" });// Get transaction signatureconst transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);console.log("Mint Address: ", mint.address.toString());console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature);// Use findAssociatedTokenPda to derive the ATA addressconst [associatedTokenAddress] = await findAssociatedTokenPda({mint: mint.address,owner: feePayer.address,tokenProgram: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS});console.log("Associated Token Account Address: ",associatedTokenAddress.toString());// Get a fresh blockhash for the second transactionconst { value: latestBlockhash2 } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();// Create instruction to create the associated token accountconst createAtaInstruction = await getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync({payer: feePayer,mint: mint.address,owner: feePayer.address});// Create transaction messageconst transactionMessage2 = pipe(createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),(tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),(tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash2, tx),(tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions([createAtaInstruction], tx));// Sign transaction message with all required signersconst signedTransaction2 =await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage2);// Send and confirm transactionawait sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(signedTransaction2,{ commitment: "confirmed" });// Get transaction signatureconst transactionSignature2 = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction2);console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature2);
Rust
use anyhow::Result;use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;use solana_sdk::{commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,program_pack::Pack,signature::{Keypair, Signer},system_instruction::create_account,transaction::Transaction,};use spl_associated_token_account::{get_associated_token_address_with_program_id, instruction::create_associated_token_account,};use spl_token_2022::{id as token_2022_program_id, instruction::initialize_mint, state::Mint};fn main() -> Result<()> {// Create connection to local validatorlet client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(String::from("http://127.0.0.1:8899"),CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),);let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;// Generate a new keypair for the fee payerlet fee_payer = Keypair::new();// Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payerlet airdrop_signature = client.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)?;client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;loop {let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;if confirmed {break;}}// Generate keypair to use as address of mintlet mint = Keypair::new();// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabledlet mint_space = Mint::LEN;let mint_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)?;// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)let create_account_instruction = create_account(&fee_payer.pubkey(), // payer&mint.pubkey(), // new account (mint)mint_rent, // lamportsmint_space as u64, // space&token_2022_program_id(), // program id);// Instruction to initialize mint account datalet initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(&token_2022_program_id(),&mint.pubkey(), // mint&fee_payer.pubkey(), // mint authoritySome(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority2, // decimals)?;// Create transaction and add instructionslet transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(&[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),&[&fee_payer, &mint],recent_blockhash,);// Send and confirm transactionlet transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);// Get the latest blockhash for the next transactionlet recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;// Derive the associated token account address for fee_payerlet associated_token_account = get_associated_token_address_with_program_id(&fee_payer.pubkey(), // owner&mint.pubkey(), // mint&token_2022_program_id(), // program_id);// Instruction to create associated token accountlet create_ata_instruction = create_associated_token_account(&fee_payer.pubkey(), // funding address&fee_payer.pubkey(), // wallet address&mint.pubkey(), // mint address&token_2022_program_id(), // program id);// Create transaction and add instructionlet transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(&[create_ata_instruction],Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),&[&fee_payer],recent_blockhash,);// Send and confirm transactionlet transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;println!("Associated Token Account Address: {}",associated_token_account);println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);Ok(())}
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