Dokumentasi SolanaToken di SolanaDasar-dasar

Membuat Token Account

Apa itu Token Account?

Token account adalah jenis akun dalam Token Programs Solana yang menyimpan informasi tentang kepemilikan individu atas token tertentu (mint). Setiap token account terkait dengan satu mint dan melacak detail seperti saldo token dan pemiliknya.

Token Account Type
/// Account data.

#[repr(C)]

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]

pub struct Account {

    /// The mint associated with this account

    pub mint: Pubkey,

    /// The owner of this account.

    pub owner: Pubkey,

    /// The amount of tokens this account holds.

    pub amount: u64,

    /// If `delegate` is `Some` then `delegated_amount` represents

    /// the amount authorized by the delegate

    pub delegate: COption<Pubkey>,

    /// The account's state

    pub state: AccountState,

    /// If `is_native.is_some`, this is a native token, and the value logs the

    /// rent-exempt reserve. An Account is required to be rent-exempt, so

    /// the value is used by the Processor to ensure that wrapped SOL

    /// accounts do not drop below this threshold.

    pub is_native: COption<u64>,

    /// The amount delegated

    pub delegated_amount: u64,

    /// Optional authority to close the account.

    pub close_authority: COption<Pubkey>,

}

Perhatikan bahwa dalam kode sumber, pengembang menyebut Token account sebagai tipe Account. Baik Token Program maupun Token Extension Program berbagi implementasi dasar yang sama untuk Token account.

Untuk menyimpan token untuk mint tertentu, pengguna harus terlebih dahulu membuat token account. Setiap token account melacak:

  1. Mint tertentu (jenis token yang disimpan oleh token account)
  2. Pemilik (otoritas yang dapat mentransfer token dari akun)

Berikut contoh menggunakan USD Coin (USDC) di Solana:

  • Alamat mint USD Coin: EPjFWdd5AufqSSqeM2qN1xzybapC8G4wEGGkZwyTDt1v
  • Circle (penerbit USD Coin) memiliki token account di 3emsAVdmGKERbHjmGfQ6oZ1e35dkf5iYcS6U4CPKFVaa
  • Token account ini hanya menyimpan unit token USD Coin (mint)
  • Circle memiliki otoritas pemilik di 7VHUFJHWu2CuExkJcJrzhQPJ2oygupTWkL2A2For4BmE dan dapat mentransfer token-token ini

Anda dapat melihat detail token account ini di Solana Explorer.

Istilah "owner" digunakan dalam dua konteks berbeda:

  1. "Owner" token account - Ini adalah alamat yang disimpan dalam data token account sebagai field "owner" dari tipe Account yang didefinisikan oleh Token Program. Owner dapat mentransfer, membakar, atau mendelegasikan token dari akun. Alamat ini terkadang disebut sebagai "authority" dari token account untuk membedakannya dari program owner.

  2. "Owner" program - Ini mengacu pada program yang memiliki data akun di Solana. Untuk token account, ini selalu Token Program atau Token Extension Program, seperti yang ditentukan dalam kolom "owner" dari tipe Solana Account dasar.

Ketika bekerja dengan token account, "owner" biasanya mengacu pada otoritas yang dapat menggunakan token, bukan program yang memiliki akun.

Apa itu Associated Token Account?

Associated token account adalah token account dengan alamat yang merupakan Program Derived Address (PDA) yang dibuat oleh Associated Token Program. Anda dapat menganggap associated token account sebagai token account default untuk pengguna untuk menyimpan unit token tertentu (mint).

Istilah "associated token accounts" hanya berlaku untuk token account yang dibuat oleh Associated Token Program.

Associated token account menyediakan cara deterministik untuk menemukan token account pengguna untuk mint tertentu. Anda dapat memeriksa implementasi derivasi di sini.

Associated Token Account Address Derivation
pub fn get_associated_token_address_and_bump_seed_internal(

    wallet_address: &Pubkey,

    token_mint_address: &Pubkey,

    program_id: &Pubkey,

    token_program_id: &Pubkey,

) -> (Pubkey, u8) {

    Pubkey::find_program_address(

        &[

            &wallet_address.to_bytes(), // Owner's public key

            &token_program_id.to_bytes(), // Token Program or Token Extension Program

            &token_mint_address.to_bytes(), // Token mint address

        ],

        program_id, // Associated Token Program ID

    )

}

Derivasi deterministik ini memastikan bahwa untuk setiap kombinasi alamat dompet dan token mint, terdapat tepat satu alamat associated token account. Pendekatan ini memudahkan untuk menemukan token account pengguna untuk token mint tertentu, menghilangkan kebutuhan untuk melacak alamat token account secara terpisah.

Associated Token Program berfungsi sebagai program pembantu yang membuat token account dengan alamat deterministik (PDA). Saat membuat associated token account, Associated Token Program melakukan CPI (Cross-Program Invocation) ke Token Program atau Token Extension Program. Token program memiliki akun yang dibuat yang memiliki struktur tipe Account yang sama seperti yang didefinisikan dalam token program. Associated Token Program tidak mempertahankan state - ini hanya menawarkan cara standar untuk membuat token account pada alamat deterministik yang merupakan PDA.

Cara Membuat Token Account

Untuk membuat Token Account, panggil instruksi InitializeAccount . Anda dapat menemukan implementasi dari instruksi ini di sini.

Transaksi untuk membuat token account memerlukan dua instruksi:

  1. Memanggil System Program untuk membuat dan mengalokasikan ruang untuk token account dan mentransfer kepemilikan ke Token Program.
  2. Memanggil Token Program untuk menginisialisasi data token account.

Typescript

import {

  airdropFactory,

  appendTransactionMessageInstructions,

  createSolanaRpc,

  createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,

  createTransactionMessage,

  generateKeyPairSigner,

  getSignatureFromTransaction,

  lamports,

  pipe,

  sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,

  setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,

  setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,

  signTransactionMessageWithSigners

} from "@solana/kit";

import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

import {

  getInitializeAccount2Instruction,

  getInitializeMintInstruction,

  getMintSize,

  getTokenSize,

  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

} from "@solana-program/token-2022";



// Create Connection, local validator in this example

const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://127.0.0.1:8899");

const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");



// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Generate keypairs for fee payer

const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Fund fee payer

await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({

  recipientAddress: feePayer.address,

  lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),

  commitment: "confirmed"

});



// Generate keypair to use as address of mint

const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

const space = BigInt(getMintSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();



// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)

// Invokes the system program

const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: mint,

  lamports: rent,

  space,

  programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize mint account data

// Invokes the token 2022 program

const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({

  mint: mint.address,

  decimals: 2,

  mintAuthority: feePayer.address

});



const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx) // Append instructions

);



// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and mint keypair)

const signedTransaction =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);



console.log("Mint Address: ", mint.address);

console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature);



// Generate keypair to use as address of token account

const tokenAccount = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get token account size (in bytes)

const tokenAccountSpace = BigInt(getTokenSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const tokenAccountRent = await rpc

  .getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(tokenAccountSpace)

  .send();



// Instruction to create new account for token account (token 2022 program)

// Invokes the system program

const createTokenAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: tokenAccount,

  lamports: tokenAccountRent,

  space: tokenAccountSpace,

  programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize token account data

// Invokes the token 2022 program

const initializeTokenAccountInstruction = getInitializeAccount2Instruction({

  account: tokenAccount.address,

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address

});



const instructions2 = [

  createTokenAccountInstruction,

  initializeTokenAccountInstruction

];



// Create transaction message for token account creation

const tokenAccountMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }), // Create transaction message

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx), // Set fee payer

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx), // Set transaction blockhash

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions2, tx) // Append instructions

);



// Sign transaction message with required signers (fee payer and token account keypair)

const signedTokenAccountTx =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(tokenAccountMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTokenAccountTx,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const tokenAccountTxSignature =

  getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTokenAccountTx);



console.log("Token Account Address:", tokenAccount.address);

console.log("Transaction Signature:", tokenAccountTxSignature);
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Rust

use anyhow::Result;

use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;

use solana_sdk::{

    commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,

    program_pack::Pack,

    signature::{Keypair, Signer},

    system_instruction::create_account,

    transaction::Transaction,

};

use spl_token_2022::{

    id as token_2022_program_id,

    instruction::{initialize_account, initialize_mint},

    state::{Account, Mint},

};



fn main() -> Result<()> {

    // Create connection to local validator

    let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(

        String::from("http://127.0.0.1:8899"),

        CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),

    );

    let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;



    // Generate a new keypair for the fee payer

    let fee_payer = Keypair::new();



    // Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer

    let airdrop_signature = client.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)?;

    client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;



    loop {

        let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;

        if confirmed {

            break;

        }

    }



    // Generate keypair to use as address of mint

    let mint = Keypair::new();



    // Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

    let mint_space = Mint::LEN;

    let mint_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)?;



    // Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)

    let create_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // payer

        &mint.pubkey(),           // new account (mint)

        mint_rent,                // lamports

        mint_space as u64,        // space

        &token_2022_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize mint account data

    let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(

        &token_2022_program_id(),

        &mint.pubkey(),            // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),       // mint authority

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority

        2,                         // decimals

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &mint],

        recent_blockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;



    println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    // Generate keypair to use as address of token account

    let token_account = Keypair::new();



    // Get token account size (in bytes)

    let token_account_space = Account::LEN;

    let token_account_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(token_account_space)?;



    // Instruction to create new account for token account (token 2022 program)

    let create_token_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),        // payer

        &token_account.pubkey(),    // new account (token account)

        token_account_rent,         // lamports

        token_account_space as u64, // space

        &token_2022_program_id(),   // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize token account data

    let initialize_token_account_instruction = initialize_account(

        &token_2022_program_id(),

        &token_account.pubkey(), // account

        &mint.pubkey(),          // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),     // owner

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[

            create_token_account_instruction,

            initialize_token_account_instruction,

        ],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &token_account],

        recent_blockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;



    println!("Token Account Address: {}", token_account.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    Ok(())

}
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Cara Membuat Associated Token Account

Untuk membuat Associated Token Account, panggil instruksi Create . Anda dapat menemukan implementasi dari instruksi ini di sini.

Instruksi untuk membuat associated token account secara otomatis memanggil System Program untuk membuat token account dan memanggil Token Program untuk menginisialisasi data token account. Ini terjadi melalui Cross Program Invocations (CPI).

Typescript

import {

  airdropFactory,

  appendTransactionMessageInstructions,

  createSolanaRpc,

  createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,

  createTransactionMessage,

  generateKeyPairSigner,

  getSignatureFromTransaction,

  lamports,

  pipe,

  sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,

  setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,

  setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,

  signTransactionMessageWithSigners

} from "@solana/kit";

import { getCreateAccountInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

import {

  getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync,

  getInitializeMintInstruction,

  getMintSize,

  TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS,

  findAssociatedTokenPda

} from "@solana-program/token-2022";



// Create Connection, local validator in this example

const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://127.0.0.1:8899");

const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");



// Generate keypairs for fee payer

const feePayer = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Fund fee payer

await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({

  recipientAddress: feePayer.address,

  lamports: lamports(1_000_000_000n),

  commitment: "confirmed"

});



// Generate keypair to use as address of mint

const mint = await generateKeyPairSigner();



// Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

const space = BigInt(getMintSize());



// Get minimum balance for rent exemption

const rent = await rpc.getMinimumBalanceForRentExemption(space).send();



// Get latest blockhash to include in transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)

// Invokes the system program

const createAccountInstruction = getCreateAccountInstruction({

  payer: feePayer,

  newAccount: mint,

  lamports: rent,

  space,

  programAddress: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



// Instruction to initialize mint account data

// Invokes the token 2022 program

const initializeMintInstruction = getInitializeMintInstruction({

  mint: mint.address,

  decimals: 2,

  mintAuthority: feePayer.address

});



const instructions = [createAccountInstruction, initializeMintInstruction];



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx),

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(instructions, tx)

);



// Sign transaction message with all required signers

const signedTransaction =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);



console.log("Mint Address: ", mint.address.toString());

console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature);



// Use findAssociatedTokenPda to derive the ATA address

const [associatedTokenAddress] = await findAssociatedTokenPda({

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address,

  tokenProgram: TOKEN_2022_PROGRAM_ADDRESS

});



console.log(

  "Associated Token Account Address: ",

  associatedTokenAddress.toString()

);



// Get a fresh blockhash for the second transaction

const { value: latestBlockhash2 } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();



// Create instruction to create the associated token account

const createAtaInstruction = await getCreateAssociatedTokenInstructionAsync({

  payer: feePayer,

  mint: mint.address,

  owner: feePayer.address

});



// Create transaction message

const transactionMessage2 = pipe(

  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(feePayer, tx),

  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash2, tx),

  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions([createAtaInstruction], tx)

);



// Sign transaction message with all required signers

const signedTransaction2 =

  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage2);



// Send and confirm transaction

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(

  signedTransaction2,

  { commitment: "confirmed" }

);



// Get transaction signature

const transactionSignature2 = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction2);

console.log("Transaction Signature: ", transactionSignature2);
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Rust

use anyhow::Result;

use solana_client::rpc_client::RpcClient;

use solana_sdk::{

    commitment_config::CommitmentConfig,

    program_pack::Pack,

    signature::{Keypair, Signer},

    system_instruction::create_account,

    transaction::Transaction,

};

use spl_associated_token_account::{

    get_associated_token_address_with_program_id, instruction::create_associated_token_account,

};

use spl_token_2022::{id as token_2022_program_id, instruction::initialize_mint, state::Mint};



fn main() -> Result<()> {

    // Create connection to local validator

    let client = RpcClient::new_with_commitment(

        String::from("http://127.0.0.1:8899"),

        CommitmentConfig::confirmed(),

    );

    let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;



    // Generate a new keypair for the fee payer

    let fee_payer = Keypair::new();



    // Airdrop 1 SOL to fee payer

    let airdrop_signature = client.request_airdrop(&fee_payer.pubkey(), 1_000_000_000)?;

    client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;



    loop {

        let confirmed = client.confirm_transaction(&airdrop_signature)?;

        if confirmed {

            break;

        }

    }



    // Generate keypair to use as address of mint

    let mint = Keypair::new();



    // Get default mint account size (in bytes), no extensions enabled

    let mint_space = Mint::LEN;

    let mint_rent = client.get_minimum_balance_for_rent_exemption(mint_space)?;



    // Instruction to create new account for mint (token 2022 program)

    let create_account_instruction = create_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // payer

        &mint.pubkey(),           // new account (mint)

        mint_rent,                // lamports

        mint_space as u64,        // space

        &token_2022_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Instruction to initialize mint account data

    let initialize_mint_instruction = initialize_mint(

        &token_2022_program_id(),

        &mint.pubkey(),            // mint

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),       // mint authority

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()), // freeze authority

        2,                         // decimals

    )?;



    // Create transaction and add instructions

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_account_instruction, initialize_mint_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer, &mint],

        recent_blockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;



    println!("Mint Address: {}", mint.pubkey());

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    // Get the latest blockhash for the next transaction

    let recent_blockhash = client.get_latest_blockhash()?;



    // Derive the associated token account address for fee_payer

    let associated_token_account = get_associated_token_address_with_program_id(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // owner

        &mint.pubkey(),           // mint

        &token_2022_program_id(), // program_id

    );



    // Instruction to create associated token account

    let create_ata_instruction = create_associated_token_account(

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // funding address

        &fee_payer.pubkey(),      // wallet address

        &mint.pubkey(),           // mint address

        &token_2022_program_id(), // program id

    );



    // Create transaction and add instruction

    let transaction = Transaction::new_signed_with_payer(

        &[create_ata_instruction],

        Some(&fee_payer.pubkey()),

        &[&fee_payer],

        recent_blockhash,

    );



    // Send and confirm transaction

    let transaction_signature = client.send_and_confirm_transaction(&transaction)?;



    println!(

        "Associated Token Account Address: {}",

        associated_token_account

    );

    println!("Transaction Signature: {}", transaction_signature);



    Ok(())

}
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