指令 | Solana

指令是与 Solana 区块链交互的基本构建块。指令本质上是一个公共函数，任何使用 Solana 网络的人都可以调用。每个指令用于执行特定的操作。指令的执行逻辑存储在程序中，每个程序定义其自己的指令集。要与 Solana 网络交互，需要将一个或多个指令添加到交易中并发送到网络进行处理。

SOL 转账示例

下图展示了交易和指令如何协同工作，使用户能够与网络交互。在此示例中，SOL 从一个账户转移到另一个账户。

发送方账户的元数据表明它必须为交易签名。（这允许系统程序扣除lamports。）发送方和接收方账户都必须是可写的，以便其 lamport 余额发生变化。为了执行此指令，发送方的钱包发送包含其签名和包含 SOL 转账指令的消息的交易。

SOL 转账图示

交易发送后，系统程序处理转账指令并更新两个账户的 lamport 余额。

SOL 转账处理图示

下面的示例展示了与上述图示相关的代码。（请参阅系统程序的转账指令。）

import {
  airdropFactory,
  appendTransactionMessageInstructions,
  createSolanaRpc,
  createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,
  createTransactionMessage,
  generateKeyPairSigner,
  getSignatureFromTransaction,
  lamports,
  pipe,
  sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,
  setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,
  setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,
  signTransactionMessageWithSigners
} from "@solana/kit";
import { getTransferSolInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

// Create a connection to cluster
const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://localhost:8899");
const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");

// Generate sender and recipient keypairs
const sender = await generateKeyPairSigner();
const recipient = await generateKeyPairSigner();

const LAMPORTS_PER_SOL = 1_000_000_000n;
const transferAmount = lamports(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL / 100n); // 0.01 SOL

// Fund sender with airdrop
await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({
  recipientAddress: sender.address,
  lamports: lamports(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL), // 1 SOL
  commitment: "confirmed"
});

// Check balance before transfer
const { value: preBalance1 } = await rpc.getBalance(sender.address).send();
const { value: preBalance2 } = await rpc.getBalance(recipient.address).send();

// Create a transfer instruction for transferring SOL from sender to recipient
const transferInstruction = getTransferSolInstruction({
  source: sender,
  destination: recipient.address,
  amount: transferAmount // 0.01 SOL in lamports
});

// Add the transfer instruction to a new transaction
const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();
const transactionMessage = pipe(
  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),
  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(sender, tx),
  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx),
  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions([transferInstruction], tx)
);

// Send the transaction to the network
const signedTransaction =
  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);
await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(
  signedTransaction,
  { commitment: "confirmed" }
);
const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);

// Check balance after transfer
const { value: postBalance1 } = await rpc.getBalance(sender.address).send();
const { value: postBalance2 } = await rpc.getBalance(recipient.address).send();

console.log(
  "Sender prebalance:",
  Number(preBalance1) / Number(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
);
console.log(
  "Recipient prebalance:",
  Number(preBalance2) / Number(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
);
console.log(
  "Sender postbalance:",
  Number(postBalance1) / Number(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
);
console.log(
  "Recipient postbalance:",
  Number(postBalance2) / Number(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
);
console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature);

Console

Click to execute the code.

import {
  airdropFactory,
  appendTransactionMessageInstructions,
  createSolanaRpc,
  createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,
  createTransactionMessage,
  generateKeyPairSigner,
  getSignatureFromTransaction,
  lamports,
  pipe,
  sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,
  setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,
  setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,
  signTransactionMessageWithSigners
} from "@solana/kit";
import { getTransferSolInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

// Create a connection to cluster
const rpc = createSolanaRpc("http://localhost:8899");
const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions("ws://localhost:8900");

// Generate sender and recipient keypairs
const sender = await generateKeyPairSigner();
const recipient = await generateKeyPairSigner();

const LAMPORTS_PER_SOL = 1_000_000_000n;
const transferAmount = lamports(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL / 100n); // 0.01 SOL

// Fund sender with airdrop
await airdropFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })({
  recipientAddress: sender.address,
  lamports: lamports(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL), // 1 SOL
  commitment: "confirmed"
});

// Check balance before transfer
const { value: preBalance1 } = await rpc.getBalance(sender.address).send();
const { value: preBalance2 } = await rpc.getBalance(recipient.address).send();

// Create a transfer instruction for transferring SOL from sender to recipient
const transferInstruction = getTransferSolInstruction({
  source: sender,
  destination: recipient.address,
  amount: transferAmount // 0.01 SOL in lamports
});

// Add the transfer instruction to a new transaction
const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash().send();
const transactionMessage = pipe(
  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),
  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(sender, tx),
  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx),
  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions([transferInstruction], tx)
);

// Send the transaction to the network
const signedTransaction =
  await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);
await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(
  signedTransaction,
  { commitment: "confirmed" }
);
const transactionSignature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);

// Check balance after transfer
const { value: postBalance1 } = await rpc.getBalance(sender.address).send();
const { value: postBalance2 } = await rpc.getBalance(recipient.address).send();

console.log(
  "Sender prebalance:",
  Number(preBalance1) / Number(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
);
console.log(
  "Recipient prebalance:",
  Number(preBalance2) / Number(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
);
console.log(
  "Sender postbalance:",
  Number(postBalance1) / Number(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
);
console.log(
  "Recipient postbalance:",
  Number(postBalance2) / Number(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL)
);
console.log("Transaction Signature:", transactionSignature);

Console

Click to execute the code.

指令

展示包含指令的交易及其三个组成部分的图示

一个 Instruction 包含以下信息：

program_id：被调用程序的ID。
accounts：一个账户元数据的数组。
data：一个包含指令所需额外[数据]的字节数组。

Instruction struct

pub struct Instruction {
    /// Pubkey of the program that executes this instruction.
    pub program_id: Pubkey,
    /// Metadata describing accounts that should be passed to the program.
    pub accounts: Vec<AccountMeta>,
    /// Opaque data passed to the program for its own interpretation.
    pub data: Vec<u8>,
}

程序 ID

指令的program_id是包含指令业务逻辑的程序的公钥地址。

账户元数据

指令的 accounts 数组是一个 AccountMeta 结构体的数组。每个指令交互的账户都必须提供元数据。（这允许交易并行执行指令，只要它们不修改同一个账户。）

下图展示了一个包含单个指令的交易。指令的 accounts 数组包含两个账户的元数据。

一个包含一个指令的交易。指令包含两个 AccountMeta 结构体在其 accounts 数组中。

账户元数据包括以下信息：

pubkey：账户的公钥地址
is_signer：如果账户必须签署交易，则设置为 true
is_writable：如果指令修改账户的数据，则设置为 true

要了解指令需要哪些账户，包括哪些必须是可写、只读或签署交易的账户，您必须参考程序定义的指令实现。

AccountMeta

pub struct AccountMeta {
    /// An account's public key.
    pub pubkey: Pubkey,
    /// True if an `Instruction` requires a `Transaction` signature matching `pubkey`.
    pub is_signer: bool,
    /// True if the account data or metadata may be mutated during program execution.
    pub is_writable: bool,
}

数据

指令的 data 是一个字节数组，用于指定调用程序的哪条指令。它还包括指令所需的任何参数。

创建指令示例

下面的示例展示了一个 SOL 转账指令的结构。

import { generateKeyPairSigner, lamports } from "@solana/kit";
import { getTransferSolInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

// Generate sender and recipient keypairs
const sender = await generateKeyPairSigner();
const recipient = await generateKeyPairSigner();

// Define the amount to transfer
const LAMPORTS_PER_SOL = 1_000_000_000n;
const transferAmount = lamports(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL / 100n); // 0.01 SOL

// Create a transfer instruction for transferring SOL from sender to recipient
const transferInstruction = getTransferSolInstruction({
  source: sender,
  destination: recipient.address,
  amount: transferAmount
});

console.log(JSON.stringify(transferInstruction, null, 2));

Console

Click to execute the code.

import { generateKeyPairSigner, lamports } from "@solana/kit";
import { getTransferSolInstruction } from "@solana-program/system";

// Generate sender and recipient keypairs
const sender = await generateKeyPairSigner();
const recipient = await generateKeyPairSigner();

// Define the amount to transfer
const LAMPORTS_PER_SOL = 1_000_000_000n;
const transferAmount = lamports(LAMPORTS_PER_SOL / 100n); // 0.01 SOL

// Create a transfer instruction for transferring SOL from sender to recipient
const transferInstruction = getTransferSolInstruction({
  source: sender,
  destination: recipient.address,
  amount: transferAmount
});

console.log(JSON.stringify(transferInstruction, null, 2));

Console

Click to execute the code.

以下代码显示了前面代码片段的输出。格式会因 SDK 而异，但请注意，每个指令都包含相同的三条必要信息：program_id、accounts、data。

{
  "accounts": [
    {
      "address": "Hu28vRMGWpQXN56eaE7jRiDDRRz3vCXEs7EKHRfL6bC",
      "role": 3,
      "signer": {
        "address": "Hu28vRMGWpQXN56eaE7jRiDDRRz3vCXEs7EKHRfL6bC",
        "keyPair": {
          "privateKey": {},
          "publicKey": {}
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "address": "2mBY6CTgeyJNJDzo6d2Umipw2aGUquUA7hLdFttNEj7p",
      "role": 1
    }
  ],
  "programAddress": "11111111111111111111111111111111",
  "data": {
    "0": 2,
    "1": 0,
    "2": 0,
    "3": 0,
    "4": 128,
    "5": 150,
    "6": 152,
    "7": 0,
    "8": 0,
    "9": 0,
    "10": 0,
    "11": 0
  }
}

以下示例展示了如何手动构建转账指令。（Expanded Instruction 标签与 Instruction 标签在功能上是等效的。）

实际操作中，通常不需要手动构建 Instruction。大多数程序提供了带有辅助函数的客户端库，这些函数会为您创建指令。如果没有可用的库，您可以手动构建指令。

const transferAmount = 0.01; // 0.01 SOL

const transferInstruction = getTransferSolInstruction({
  source: sender,
  destination: recipient.address,
  amount: transferAmount * LAMPORTS_PER_SOL
});

指令

SOL 转账示例

指令

程序 ID

账户元数据

数据

创建指令示例

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